A Brief History of Personal Computers :: essays research papers

A Brief memorial of Personal ComputersThe electronic reckoner is a relatively modern innovation the first fully operable computer was developed about 50 eld ago, at the end of being War II, by a team at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Engineering. This team was headed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, who named the new machine ENIAC, for electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was just now a personal computer, occupying a large room and weighing about 33 tons. By todays standards, ENIAC was extremely slow, unreliable, and expensive to operate. In 1945, on the other hand, it was considered a marvel.Over the next 30 years, computers became low-spiriteder, faster, and less expensive. However, most of these machines remained iso posthumousd in their own air-conditioned rooms, tended by specially ingenious personnel. By 1975, computers were in large demand at universities, government agencies, and large businesses, but relatively few people had ever come face-to-face with an existing computer. This all began to change in the late 1970s.To understand why, lets take a closer look at the early computers. ENIAC and its immediate successors were large, slow, and unreliable primarily because they utilize thousands of large, slow, and unreliable vacuum tubes in their electronic circuits. The vacuum tubes were glass cylinders, typically about four buttes high and an inch in diameter, which generated a lot of warmness and thus could not be placed too close together. Then, in 1947, a momentous event occurred at Bell Labs - William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain announced the invention of the transistor. Only about an inch long and a quarter inch across, a transistor produced very little heat, and did the same job as a vacuum tube.The downsizing of computers began in the 1950s as transistors replaced vacuum tubes, and continued into the 1960s with the introduction of the integrated circuit (IC) - an ice cube-sized pa ckage containing hundreds of transistors. By the late 1960s, microchips, consisting of thousands of electronic components residing on a piece of silicon the size of a postage stamp, had begun to replace ICs. At this time, some minicomputers occupied a space no larger than a small filing cabinet and cost less than $25,000. Then, in 1970, Marcian Hoff, Jr., working at Intel Corporation, invented the microprocessor, a central processing unit on a chip. The technological man was now ready for the personal computer.The First Personal ComputerA Brief History of Personal Computers essays research papers A Brief History of Personal ComputersThe electronic computer is a relatively modern invention the first fully operable computer was developed about 50 years ago, at the end of World War II, by a team at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Engineering. This team was headed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, who named the new machine ENIAC, for Electronic Numerical Integra tor and Calculator. ENIAC was hardly a personal computer, occupying a large room and weighing about 33 tons. By todays standards, ENIAC was extremely slow, unreliable, and expensive to operate. In 1945, on the other hand, it was considered a marvel.Over the next 30 years, computers became smaller, faster, and less expensive. However, most of these machines remained isolated in their own air-conditioned rooms, tended by specially trained personnel. By 1975, computers were in great demand at universities, government agencies, and large businesses, but relatively few people had ever come face-to-face with an actual computer. This all began to change in the late 1970s.To understand why, lets take a closer look at the early computers. ENIAC and its immediate successors were large, slow, and unreliable primarily because they used thousands of large, slow, and unreliable vacuum tubes in their electronic circuits. The vacuum tubes were glass cylinders, typically about four inches high and a n inch in diameter, which generated a lot of heat and thus could not be placed too close together. Then, in 1947, a momentous event occurred at Bell Labs - William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain announced the invention of the transistor. Only about an inch long and a quarter inch across, a transistor produced very little heat, and did the same job as a vacuum tube.The downsizing of computers began in the 1950s as transistors replaced vacuum tubes, and continued into the 1960s with the introduction of the integrated circuit (IC) - an ice cube-sized package containing hundreds of transistors. By the late 1960s, microchips, consisting of thousands of electronic components residing on a piece of silicon the size of a postage stamp, had begun to replace ICs. At this time, some minicomputers occupied a space no larger than a small filing cabinet and cost less than $25,000. Then, in 1970, Marcian Hoff, Jr., working at Intel Corporation, invented the microprocessor, a central p rocessing unit on a chip. The technological world was now ready for the personal computer.The First Personal Computer

The New York Yankees 98 Season :: American America History

The New York Yankees 98 SeasonAs anyone on the face of the civilized world k flats by now , the New York Yankees have just completed one of the most dominating seasons in the history of professional sports. In the process, as many phemomenoms before them , sports or otherwise, they have captivated not only a city and a nation but much of the planet as well. I have seen Pakistani and Korean tourists visiting New York for the first time buying and proudly wearing Yankee caps and T-shirts. These people , obviously, know little or nothing round the game and are not truly baseball fans but are testimony to the Yanks compelling accomplishments.But the full appreciation of what this team has done in 1998 belongs mainly to the dyed in the wool baseball fan. The guy whos been following baseball as a religion , collecting cards , reading loge scores and fantasying about being a big league hero long before his puberty began. It is among this elite group where now, in the afterglow of the succ ess and rejoicing , that the endless debate over whether this is the greatest team of all time will rage in every locker room, bar room and position for most of this offseason.Many of the self proclaimed baseball gurus from all of the radio and TV talk shows and web sites have decided to take the politically invent approach and say that you cant really compare this team with the great ones of eras past. They say its an apples and oranges comparison. I say this is a load You can , and if youre a rightful(a) fan , should compare them. And you can draw definitive conclusions.I agree that the debate over the greatest in most arenas is hopelessly subjective. Who was a greater president , Lincoln or Roosevelt? If you ask who was the sexiest female screen star ever , depending on who you talk to and what their tastes were , youd be as likely to hear blue jean Harlow or Lana Turner as Sharon Stone.The key difference here is that these qualities cannot really be quantitatively measured . The fundamentals of being a great leader or being sexy have not really evolved over the centuries. Our interpretation of these things may have but not the fundamental qualities themselves. So comparing these qualities from contrasting eras would be very very subjective.

John Steinbecks Effect on Early Literature Essay -- Biography

deception Steinbecks Effect on Early Literature all the same though John Steinbeck grew up in a small town in California, with his great ambition and perseverance, he was soon able to become one of Americas greatest literary writers that is button up remembered to daytime. John Steinbeck may have had a difficult start in his early works, which did not gain him much popularity, he was still able to see that he could be better and was able to write some of his greatest works such as the Gapes of Wrath which make him great to this day. his believe in his self and help from others, he was still able to become successful as a writer. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in the small town of Salinas in California (Austro 2415). His parents John Ernst Steinbeck and Olive Hamilton both wanted John to be a lawyer as his life job, but Steinbeck thought other than (French 1). As John Steinbeck grew up his love for literature only grew with the help of his mother being a school teac her. She would always read him books as a child, which never helped him become a lawyer in life(Steinbeck.com John) . In his early years of school his teachers always look down on him thinking he was never a smart student, because he never was very great at school, but he always showed talent as a writer(Swisher 16). Even though his teachers never thought great of him, his English teacher always knew he would be a great writer, and because she knew this she would always use his writings as examples for the other students(French 1). Soon after grade school he knew that he would be a great writer. After High School John Steinbeck front Stanford college to learn more in becoming a better writer(Austro 2414). He did not finish to get a degree but he learned things in this ti... ...lped him become a better writer. While working he realized hardships of the average worker which he used to write his story same(p) the Grapes of Wrath. His stories on the average worker also helped him se ll because the book were also a influence to the worker to buy, because they were able to relate to the character hardships (Bloom 13). Still to this day he is stilled compared to writers such as Harriet Beecher Stowe of Alfred Hitchcock. Even till his death he is stilled remember as a great writer (Austro 2418).Even though John Steinbeck grew up in a small town in California, with his great ambition and perseverance, he was soon able to become one of Americas greatest literary writers that is still remembered today. He shows that point a bad start and believing you can achieve greatest. He still is and will remember for his life and even after his death.

Karma Essay -- Spiritual Religion Philosophy Essays

KarmaThe doctrine of Karma is a spiritual doctrine based on the theory of cause and effect. Although Karma does not ex subroutinely fit the definition of necromantic phenomenon it is a spiritual doctrine based on the philosophy that God is not responsible for the happiness or failure of an individual, rather, we as individuals are only when responsible for the consequences of our own behavior. The concept of Karma has two major interpretations the most common approaches are to the idea of reincarnation, particularly in the West where the idea has near no existence. In the East, people believe in reincarnation and hold a fatalistic idea of Karma. I favor neither westerner nor easterner basal approaches to Karma Doctrine. I on the other hand favor only the basic concept of the Karma, since it has gradually inspired me to become a better person. It has motivated me to negligence the satisfaction of my enlarging ego and instead it has encouraged me to take responsibility for my actio ns hoping that with this attitude, I might one day achieve peace of body and mind. The West shows almost no interest in the law of Karma. This is due to its strong links to reincarnation. Most westerners refuse to believe in the transmigration of souls. Believing that you could be a charitable being in one life and an animal in the succeeding life, is a basic idea of reincarnation that some of us refuse to accept. For example, the act of swatting a fly could be perceived as killing a person, perhaps your mother in a past life. I myself have a hard time believing in such occurrence. If in fact westerners show interest in reincarnation, it is only with a skeptical curiosity of learned who they were in previous lives. In the west, no serious research is done ... ...can deal with his own Karma. It is not until we find the right relationship with each other, with ourselves, character and with whole of which we are a part, we will go on making bad Karma. Learning about the Karma doctri ne has brought nothing but positive effect in my life, it has slowly enhanced my desire to become more spiritual and at peace with everyone and everything around me. My imprint is correct for me-you have to find the belief that is correct for you and it will not necessarily be the same as my belief. www.etext.org. Works Cited Ajayi, J.F ADE. On the politics of Being Mortal in Verdug, Carol (ed.) qualification Contact Reading from Home and Abroad. Boston Bedford Books, 1997 Chakravarti, Siddhanta.Karma. Netscape Navigator. http//www.sconline.com. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Reincarnation. Netscape Navigator. http//www.etext.org/

Are calculators as effective as they were intended to be? :: Technology Education Mathematics Essays

Are calculators as effective as they were intended to be? I can remember when I was in elementary school, we were never wholeowed to employ calculators. I always seemed to excel in math, so I never really found it necessary to engagement one, usually. It was when I got into junior high when I first found myself looking for a calculator to help me do my math homework. I was taking pre-algebra, and I was struggling with learning the concepts. I just could not seem to get all the steps in the right order ever. My dad, who is a math glare in my opinion, showed me how to use a sophisticated calculator that would help me chair my answers. He would not let me do my homework with it, but he allowed me to check it with his calculator. The teachers always made us show all of the steps, and if we use calculators the steps would be missing on the paper. So, I found it very helpful to use a calculator to check my answers. But I also thought that the calculators were somewha t confusing and complicated. I always felt like I was doing so much work to get to an answer than if I did it on my own on paper. I felt that it was easier to do the steps on the paper, than to remember all the buttons that I would have to push on the calculator. This is when I started wondering if calculators were as effective and efficient as they were intended. I think that the way I was taught in elementary school really effected the way I thought in junior high. I always assumed that it was bad to use a calculator for math problems, because that is the message that the teachers in elementary school sent to all the students. By them not allowing us to use us them and experiment with them, I feel that we were turned off by them really. This may have been caused by the lack of experience the teachers actually had. Also, they had been doing math for so long and they never used calculators. They did not see the need for the use of them.

Are calculators as effective as they were intended to be? :: Technology Education Mathematics Essays

Are data processors as effective as they were intended to be? I can remember when I was in basal school, we were never allowed to use calculators. I ceaselessly seemed to excel in math, so I never really found it necessary to use one, usually. It was when I got into junior high when I first found myself looking for a calculator to help me do my math homework. I was taking pre-algebra, and I was try with learning the concepts. I just could not seem to get all the steps in the right order ever. My dad, who is a math genius in my opinion, showed me how to use a sophisticated calculator that would help me check my answers. He would not let me do my homework with it, but he allowed me to check it with his calculator. The teachers always made us show all of the steps, and if we used calculators the steps would be missing on the paper. So, I found it very helpful to use a calculator to check my answers. But I also thought that the calculators were somewhat confusing an d complicated. I always felt like I was doing so overmuch work to get to an answer than if I did it on my own on paper. I felt that it was easier to do the steps on the paper, than to remember all the buttons that I would have to push on the calculator. This is when I started wondering if calculators were as effective and efficient as they were intended. I think that the way I was taught in elementary school really effected the way I thought in junior high. I always assumed that it was bad to use a calculator for math problems, because that is the message that the teachers in elementary school sent to all the students. By them not allowing us to use us them and experiment with them, I receive that we were turned off by them really. This may have been caused by the lack of experience the teachers actually had. Also, they had been doing math for so long and they never used calculators. They did not see the need for the use of them.

Crimes Against Children

Crimes Against Children Child abuse has been a major social head ache only since the 1950s but adults have victimized babyren throughout history. Children are the most vulnerable of all(prenominal) groups which is why churl abuse victims are of big(p) concern to society. There are different forms of crimes against children, child abuse, physical or sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. Child abuse is the neglect of or fierceness against children. From 1998 to 2000, 367,000 children were harmed by their parents.Physical abuse includes intentionally beating, biting, burning, strangling, hitting, kicking or shaking a child. In the 1060s the condition battered child syndrome was coined. This is a condition where a child suffers serious physical injury usually inflicted by their parents or caregiver. Sexual abuse of children is particularly offensive and is the least commonly reported form of family violence. alas child sex abusers are family members and friends or neighbors of the victim. In many cases the child has a trusting relationship with the abuser.Emotional abuse is more subtle and involves power or control to harm the victims sense of self. Tactics such as verbal threats, social isolation, intimidation, exploitation, terrorizing a child or exposing him to family violence all serve to diminish a childs self-worth and can cause impaired psychological growth. Child neglect is the chronic and repetitive failure to go out children with food, clothing, shelter, medical care or protection from harm. It constitutes the largest category of child abuse offenders.Fifty-two percent of all child abuse cases in the Unites States involve neglect. Parental alcoholism, do drugs problems and other inadequate social and family functions are among the factors affecting the childs response to victimization. More needs to be learned about the long term consequences of puerility victimization. This article discusses what is known from past studies and in any case present finding of more recent research. Child maltreatment has physical, psychological, cognitive and behavioral consequences.These include tyke injuries to brain damage and even death, low self- esteem, depression, substance abuse and suicide attempt. Cognitive effects include attention problems, learning disorders and poor school performance. deportment issues range from poor peer relations to physical aggression to violent behavior. Males and females react differently to abuse. Males tend to externalize their feeling and are more liable(predicate) to develop conduct disorders, while females tend to internalize their feelings leading to depressive disorders.Practices of the community and the justice and social services systems whitethorn have long-term effects. Children who are members of racial or ethnic minorities often meet with discrimination. Researches have suggested that victimized children are more likely to develop behavior problems in adolescence and may be denomin ate juvenile offenders. Abused and neglected children score lower on IQ tests and usually fail to complete school which leads to menial and unskilled jobs. Interpersonal relationships are also affected by child maltreatment.Frequent divorce and separation are more common in abused and neglected people. Childhood abuse also increases the risk of being arrested for violent crime. The psychological and emotional fallout for abused children include suicide attempts, antisocial personality disorder and alcohol abuse or dependency. Abused and neglected children may exhibit aggressiveness and behavior problems in childhood, delinquency in adolescence and antisocial and criminal behavior in adulthood.These children, as adults, may be more prone to become abusive themselves. Recent research indicates that child neglect especially at an early age causes substantial problems. whatsoever forms of early neglect lead to severe, chronic and irreversible damage. There are many mechanisms by which abuse and neglect affect a child but finding a single mechanism that explains all cases of abuse and neglect is highly unlikely. Both the textbook and the journal article agree that childhood abuse causes substantial problems later in life.

Broadcasting Quality

send organizations exist basic bothy to communicate to people. Whether radio or TV stations be Government, Commercial or Private, whether programmes are spoken word, music, commercials or community announcements, in all incidents the message needs to get through. The emphasis in programmes must always be on note, two content and sound. Staff engaged in program constituteation need to be conscious of making the staggering system of incurs seem to be filmy to the audience. Listeners and viewing audience should only be aware of the actual program and not the nuts and bolts of the radio and / or TV station.In order to ensure High tvirtuoso of voice Broadcasting, a Broadcaster or Broadcasting company should by all means be instrumental in enhancing our chthonicstanding of the world To inform its audiences and limb them with a better understanding of the world through rude(a)s, data and psychoanalysis of current events and ideas. It is a function which comes hand in hand with the Stimulation of acquaintance and learning, since the content should be of cap equal of stimulating its viewers interest in the knowledge of arts, sciences, history and other topics through content that is accessible to its communicate recipients and can easily encourage informal learning.Representing diversity and alternative viewpoints is by all means similarly a component of responsible quality broadcasting. It is one its main purpose to make people aware of different cultures and alternative viewpoints, by showing programmes that reflect the lives of other people and other communities. One of the major influences affecting broadcasting would be the existing Socio-Economic factors. Economic components comport long played a key role in public policy toward broadcasting, not only where private commercial systems dominate but alike where there is a public funding mechanism.Major national public service broadcasters are sizeable programme production industries that col lectively represent a substantial capital and operating investment. Many of them shed had commercial support, and no matter how non-commercial the production distribution-reception process, it is usually closely associated with (and profits from) a substantial private, profit-oriented indus assay that manufactures receiving sets and electronic equipment.But broadcastings direct contribution to the gross national product has been modest, especially when compared to some societies major sources of economic activity (Blumler, 2000 26). In the field of digital telecasting broadcasting, North America has been some years ahead of the rest of the world in its faith in what could be done with very powerful picture show conglutination systems. The open decisionmaking process which has taken place in the United States for advanced idiot box (ATV) is a considerable compassment, and a great credit to the many individuals involved.In Europe, considerable expertise has been accumulated i n image condensing and digital modulation, but a range of factors and circumstances have influenced the profile given, until recently, to studies of digital terrestrial video broadcasting. These have included pessimism that the planning environment in Europe would allow the development of digital high translation terrestrial television with reasonable coverage, and pessimism that sufficiently attractive trope quality could be achieved with the sharpnessrates that are possible in terrestrial networks.Today there is draw recognition in Europe that we must pursue quality digital television broadcasting, that we should be undaunted with the problems, and that we should explore the potential solutions, this is because the prize for success w ill be considerable. An international committee, the European Launching Group (ELG), has been established to try to coordinate the various projects which are develo ping digital terrestrial television broadcasting, or indeed related systems, in Europe.This committee has a technical subcommittee, the working(a) Group on Digital Television Broadcasting (WGDTB). The WGDTB has examined the aims of the current collaborative projects, and their timescales, and looked at the potential uses of digital television broadcasting. They arrived, at the end of 1992, at a work plan, intended to make it possible for Europe to achieve common standards for digital television broadcasting within the next few years (Altschull, 1984, p 112).European centered on the development of modulation systems appropriate for digital terrestrial television centered on the development of modulation systems for 20 GHz digital satellite television centered on the development of digital high-definition television satellite pointtopoint systems developing all aspects of digital terrestrial television developing all aspects of digital terrestrial television developing base band coding systems continuing studies of terrestrial and satellite planning, requiremen ts and testing present bind will outline some features of this plan, and give the background to the conclusions reached (Anand, 1993, p 156-210).What the WGDTB has done is to develop a commencement ceremony scenario which needs now to be taken up by experimental work. A fundamental limitation on the quality and ruggedness of terrestrial television services will be the terrestrial maneuver capacity. In Europe, the VHF/UHF broadcast television bands use either 7or 8 MHz channels. The working speculation has been that the system should have a bandwidth of active 7. 5 MHz. The prospect of using more than one channel in a contiguous way for a single broad-cast service seem remote, and the prospects of obtaining new frequency allocations with a wider channel spacing, even more so.Given a 7. 5 MHz channel, it seems that the upper bound on gross bit rate is credibly to be more or less 30 M bit/s. The first task the WGDTB undertook was to evaluate the options which seemed most plausi bly to be attractive and saleable to the European consumer in the next century, in the light of what could be seen, or predicted, as general trends in society (Anand, 1993, p 156). There is no doubt that the quality expectations of viewing audience are rising, and that the longterm next of television lies with high-definition television. Nevertheless, the Group was withal conscious that viewing habits are changing as society evolves.Therefore, when setting system goals there are dimensions other than quality which need to be taken into account (Briggs, 1999, p 145). It is not sufficient to ask what the public may want, we to a fault need to ask when and where they will want it. Furthermore, the practical too large right away covering fire HDTV display, for many years regarded as the key to HDTV acceptability in the domestic environment, seems nearly as far away as ever. One underlying trend in society is toward individual activity, rather than assembly activity. A second eleme nt to consider is mobility.Essentially soundradio has migrated from a group experience in the home, to a nearindividual activity in the car. We could reasonably ask if some of the same evolution will apply to television to any degree, orate least whether television will also have to cope with a mobile environment. There seemed to be four options, essentially linked to different viewing environments, which were worthy of most attention. The options are as follows HDTV (high definition television), which offers services to viewers with very large book binding receivers, using fixed rooftop aerials. EDTV (extended definition television), which offers services to viewers with medium to large screen receivers using fixed rooftop aerials. SDTV (standard definition television), which offers services to viewers with portable televisions using settop aerials. and LDTV (limited definition television), which offers services to viewers with small screen receivers using whip/stub aerials in a mobile situation (e. g. in acre). In order to translate these concepts to practical sys-teems, it is inevitable to decide what is meant pre-cicely by the quality in each case, and what is meant precisely by each of the receiving environments.Picture quality is difficult to quantify in absolute terms, because it is the net ensnare of a series of factors such as resolution, sharpness, noise, artifacts, etc. It is by no means only related to the scanning standard. The picture quality that is achieved will also be related to the source quality, the sophistication of the compression algorithm, and the bit rate used. The receiving environment can be defined some-what more easily. It is related to the bit flaw distribution in which the system is required to work. In other words, it is associated with the ruggedness necessary to achieve disadvantagefree pictures of the intended quality.As a first assumption in the WGDTB, the rooftop environment is considered to be associated with a spect ral efficiency of 4 bits/s/Hz. The portable environment is considered to need 12 bits/s/Hz, and the mobile environment is considered to need 1 bit/s/Hz. 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Dimensions of Picture Quality Color Television was initially conceptualized in the 1950s. Back then, a single color picture requires three images, specifically red, green, and blue (RGB) for light emitting devices such as cathode ray tubes (CRT).This would require a 30 MHz bandwidth to provide the desired picture rate, starting from the full progressive scan picture. To reduce the bandwidth to 15 MHz for an analog RGB system, an interlace is used. at derriere a studio the signals are carried on three separate production lines at 5 MHz or more bandwidth each, a fundamental compression organization used in color television is to translate the three color signals into the color-difference domain where the picture is represented by a luminance (equivalent to the earlier monochrome) picture and two color difference pictures, R-Y and B-Y.Another name for this system is YUV, Y for luminance and U, V for the two color difference signals. Again using the limitations of the human optic system, in this case less color than luminance visual acuity, the bandwidth of the color difference signals is reduced by 50% for a numerate YUV bandwidth requirement of 10 MHz. Today, YUV signals are used in both analog and digital forms and have very little visible degradation compared to interlaced RGB video. Both forms are cognise as component video with YUV being used for most applications.Nowadays, there are two reasons to compress television video signals, practical limitations of processing upper berth (bandwidth) and cost of transmission or storage resulting from the required bandwidth. Today, the availability of high speed semiconductors and integrated circuits make the latter reason most important in nearly all applications. Virtually all video compression methods utilize the limit ations of the human visual system to remove the less visible picture in doion that might otherwise be present.As broadcast television was being developed, display rates of 50 or 60 pictures per second were considered necessary. Discussing Quality Broadcasting and its future would not be complete without discussing the past and present of Broadcasting. Cathode-ray tube, also known as CRTs is the technology used in most televisions and figurer display screens. A CRT works by moving an electron send back and forth across the back of the screen. Each time the beam makes a pass across the screen, it lights up phosphor dots on the inside of the glass tube, thereby illuminating the active portions of the screen.By drawing many such lines from the top to the bottom of the screen, it creates an entire screenful of images. The technology used for the display is also a critical part of the quality equation, and all broadcasters currently suffer from a lack of flat panel monitors which can be used to check that picture quality is perfect before it leaves the studio. The reason is because display are no longer do using CRTs, which had many disadvantages, but could be made as very high precision instruments when needed.This is not so easy with todays flat panel display. An analysis of the options available for a common multiplex is currently being made. There seem to be a number of potential candidates for a common multiplex, and special(prenominal) attention unfocussed on the MPEG proposals and the DAB system. A unique system for DAB and Devisees particularly attractive. a. ) HDTV Nowadays, we have different archetypes of devices which we use to enhance broadcast teaching quality with.One of these numerous devices would be what we call HDTV which is also known as High-Definition Television. This is basically a new television prototype that provides practically better resolution and resonance than current televisions based on the NTSC standard. HDTV is a type of Digit al Television (DTV) broadcast, and is considered to be the best quality DTV formatting available. Types of HDTV displays include direct-view, plasma, rear screen, and front screen projection. HDTV requires an HDTV tuner to view and the most detailed HDTV format is 1080i.HDTV is a digital TV broadcasting format where the broadcast transmits widescreen pictures with more detail and quality than found in a standard analog television, or other digital television formats. High definition television is defined rather loosely by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a system which has astir(predicate) twice the horizontal and vertical definition of conventional television. This still leaves open the amount of noise or artifacts that are permitted, and which affect the picture quality in force(p) as much as definition.In Europe, Asia, South America and across other parts of the world the PAL system is adopted by each state, and frequently with some unique characteristic, su ch as the location of the sound carrier. This means for protecting sovereign borders has made for complications in program exchange, though presumably has not impacted the set sales in any of the regions. Further-more, there is a relatively wide range of definitions available within the term conventional television. In addition, interlaced systems have a triangular verticaltemporal response, so it is difficult to know where the concept of twice resolution applies (Anand, 1993, p 210).To pin down HDTV, we have to look at the combined termination of all the quality factors on the picture and, to some extent, make up new rules. It is unmingled that the NTSC standard sets the limits today in television quality. The NTSC system is a composite system, meaning the color or chrominance information is embedded in the luminace information. In over-the-air and cable transmission there are frequently micro reflections produced, which deliver somewhat delayed second or third harmonic images (w hich are commonly referred to as ghosting).Only so many scanning lines, so much bandwidth is in the standard. There is also the inclusion of interlace scanning, producing aliasing artifacts, interline noise (often called twitter), and dot crawl which is undeniably the factor which makes perfected separation by way of comb filtering of color and luminance information very expensive, thus color smearing results in most modestly priced sets without this device included. The accumulation of artifacts from the traditional NTSC standard has placed a practicalsize limit of the television image since most consumers perceive an increase in size as a cause of the artifacts, rather than merely the exposing of them. While filtering techniques have improved, the cross color and dot crawl artifacts, there remains the unalterable fact that the total amount of picture information in the broadcast standard has a specific limit. When deciding on a required picture quality we have to bear in mind the target viewing distance, and the need to ask, responsibly, for no more than is necessary.Digital compression systems all work in a similar way. The information content of the source picture varies from scene to scene. The system reproduces the content of the input picture essentially intact, until the point is reached where the transmission bitrate will be exceeded if nothing is done. At this point, a series of approximations are made to parts of the scene. The output scene can thus have (apparently) added noise or exit of resolution, to an extent depending on the original scene content.For any practical system there will always be scenes which are reproduced perfectly, and others which are impaired. The system interior decorators intention is to make the impairments lapse as infrequently as possible, and be as unobtrusive as possible. The main approach examined by the WGDTB to pose the quality needed is termed the scenecontent hardship characteristic. This is a logical and sci entific method, but it is also relatively ex-pensive to use.The basic element to be specified is the proportion of total programmed time which should be free of artifacts. Freedom from artifacts is considered to be associated with a minimum mean score of 12% in a doublestimulus continuousquality scale (DSCQS) subjective evaluation. This is somewhat arbitrary figure, but much experience shows it to be a good rule of thumb for virtual transparency. The challenges are then, first, to decide what constitutes a sensible proportion of time for which impairment free pictures should be demanded.The second challenge is to assemble statistical evidence about the relative occurrence of different kinds of scene content, so that it can be verified that the requirements are met. In choosing the proportion of time for which impairmentfree pictures could be expected, we can look to the other statistical domain of picture quality, which is the propagation unsuccessful person characteristic, used as a planning criterion. For example, in broadcasting satellite systems (BSS), quality is required to be maintained for a defined percentage of the worst month of the year.If this kind of guide-line is acceptable for satellite systems, would it also be acceptable for terrestrial television broad-casting? Unfortunately, the answer is not quite. In satellite broadcasting, the outage time is used up in rainfades, which occur over a period of, say, halfanhour. The quantizationnoise artifacts that are introduced by digital coding will probably be more dislocated out than this, and their effects will therefore be less severe on the viewers overall perception of quality (this is sometimes called the forgiveness effect).However, it may be appropriate to adopt a value similar to that for the BSS as a starting point for fixing the scene content failure characteristic requirement (Anand, 1993, p 210). The WGDTB has tentatively begun by taking 99. 7% transparency as the requirement for the dig-i tal terrestrial HDTV service. Coupled with this, it is assumed that the file name extension quality is a1250/50/21 HDTV studio signal, with 1440 samples/line. We do not yet have a catalogue of HDTV picture sequences and their places on a code criticality table, but we do have some experience from for-mar 422 code studies (Altschull, 1984, p 112).These apprize that to achieve the target transparency, the code would need to pass, unimpaired, almost all the test pictures so far devised, including the second moststringent CCIR sequence mobile and calendar(critical, but even so only in the area of 80%90%criticality). The quality target is very high, and may not be realizable at the available bitrate. But it certainly is worth aiming high at the start. It is known from past experience that HDTV source and display equipment quality will improve, and a system which will last well into the next century would be valuable.The next key question is what quality can be achieved with 2030 M bit /s? Initial tests may be possible in autumn 1993 with the HDDIVINE system, and these would probably provide first clues. b. ) EDTV The second quality level to be discussed is termed EDTV. EDTV is a common name for a particular subset of the DTV (Digital Television) standards, but On a large display screen only. It is also known as Enhanced Definition Television or extended definition television. EDTV is considered to be specifically a part of the HDTV format but does not go on near the quality and performance of HDTV.EDTV as a whole can only simulate HDTV viewing quality. However, The EDTV prototype offers more technological advancements over the SDTV unit. EDTV operates as 480p (where 480 represents the vertical resolution and p represents progressive scan). To take advantage of the said 480p standard, video source that outputs that signal (i. e. a DVD player) must be used and the display must be able to read the 480p input signal. As an additional feature an EDTV unit also offer s the benefits of Dolby digital surround soundThis is not a particularly appropriate name, because the scanning standard for the system would be the normal625line system. The level is included because largescreen HDTV receivers, which have an HDTV dot pitch, will be very unwieldy and very expensive for many years to come. An EDTV level would fulfill a need for a lowercost and lighter receiver. Having probably a screen size less than about 30 inches, it would not be dramatically inferior to an HDTV display in perceived quality. There may also be living rooms which are not large decent to take a true HDTV receiver.The source format for EDTV is assumed to be a signal conforming to CCIR Recommendation 601, with 720 samples per line and a 169 aspect ratio (Starks, 1993, p 196). The codes transparency required, in terms of the percentage of program time unimpaired, would be roughly the same as for the HDTV level (al-though in this case with respect to the 422source). The best information available at the present time is that in order to achieve this level of transparency, a bitrate of about 911 M bit/s is probably needed for a motion equilibrate hybrid DCT system.c. ) SDTV The third quality level considered is SDTV,. Short for Standard Definition Television it is a type of digital television operation method which is able to transmit and produce images which are of a higher quality than standard analog broadcast. While SDTV does not reach near the quality of HDTV, it is definitely blue-ribbon(prenominal) over traditional analog television. SDTV is typically a 480i signal where 480 represents the vertical resolution and i represents interlaced. Digital cable and digital satellite programming is wide available in SDTV format.This is specifically intended to match the quality needs of portable receivers. On smalltomedium screen sizes, even todays PAL/SECAM quality is very good. Thus, for the SDTV level, a system which has a625line scanning format is needed, but some artifacts can also be accepted, as is the case for both PAL and SECAM. The kinds of artifacts associated with PAL/SECAM and a digital motioncompensated hybrid DCT system will be different, but it is believed that in order to achieve, globally, about the same over-all quality, a data rate of about 56 M bit/s is needed. d. ) LDTVThe fourth quality level is LDTV, limited definition television. This is intended to match the needs of very small screen receivers, which might be used in cars, and now being incorporated to mobile phones as well. The quality requirements of this level would be about the same as the MPEG 1 codes or about VHS level. Specifying the quality requirements, and evaluating the systems in terms of their scenecontent failure characteristics will be a major technical challenge, principally because of the need to establish how often scenes of a particular type of content are likely to occur.There may be alternative simpler approaches which will also help to understand and quantify the systems behavior. Another potential quality evaluation criterion, which the WGDTB has been asked to consider, is associated with the concept of quality blank. Our perception of the picture quality of a given system is directly influenced by the viewing distance. The further from the screen, or the narrower the viewing angle, the less discriminating we are in terms of resolution or artifacts.One way, therefore, to see the various quality levels, is by imagining that there is a quality space, which is a graphical histrionics of picture qualityversusviewing distance. For the picture quality axis, we use the same axis as for DSCQS evaluations (Andersen, 1990, 291). There are five contiguous and equal intervals characterized by the quality descriptors excellent, good, fair, poor, and bad. Similarly, It was specified by the EDTV system as one for which the results of assessments must fall in the excellent band at 4H.SDTV systems are those for which the results must fall in the excellent band at6H, and an LDTV system as one for which the results must fall in the excellent band at 8H. This seems a relatively clear means of defining and distinguishing between the quality levels, but experimental work remains to be done to establish its viability in practice. DISCUSSION A. Impact of first quality Another interesting dimension to this question of picture quality concerns the impact of source quality on final picture quality under high compression.Compression systems may show a characteristic such that it could be considered (in a simplified way) that their characteristics of qualityversusbitrate have two regions. A Camcorder video compression device was recently developed to function effectively in a variety of applications and which could effectively address the need for high-resolution watch image recording. The said device is able to simultaneously encode two separate streaming images full size and quarter size with robust compression and high q uality.The creator of the device, Showlei Associates has announced that its CamCoder video compression device will dramatically lower the cost, power consumption and size for the compression of high-definition streaming images. The IC also contains internal logic for user-programmable motion detection and watermark insertion, as well as on-board memory. High definition compression systems, as available today, do not perform as well as predictions made several years ago, with the exception of the newly created device but the next years should figure out maturity and allow more complexity in equipment.E It is a common consensus that the full benefits for broadcasters of the new advanced compression systems would be achieved eventually. However as of the present time inventors are still finding a way to get pass one of the quality defects of digital broadcasting today, this problem is the lack of synchronicity between vision and sound. Achieving this may even become more difficult w ith more advanced codes. This still needs to be carefully evaluated by all broadcasters to find any loopholes in the said device. ConclusionThe Quality of Broadcasting is by all means generated by a combination of both responsible dispersal of information and state of the art broadcasting equipment. The way in which information is disseminated and retained by the audiences would first and foremost be the determining factor as to effectiveness of the broadcasting being done. The content plays a very important role in keeping the interest of the audience and it should be discerned that without a easily good topic, even the most advanced equipment to disseminate information would not be a factor at all.It is in this context that commitments must in brief be made and it is to be of utmost importance that all administrations and organizations which will be affected by technological changes should be able to share in the accumulated understanding of the factors involved with a view to taking carefully considered decisions. To assist in this process, the ITU/BR has convened a Workshop Tomorrows television Thaw IDER picture, with the support of the European Broadcasting Union and the AsiaPacific Broad-casting Union.It aims to bring together the expertise necessary for a common understanding of the issues and, to allow a balanced representation of all contending systems, the Workshop is being held away from the main centers of study, in virgin Zealand. BIBLIOGRAPHY Altschull, J. H. 1984. Agents of Power The Role of News Media in Human Affairs. New York Longman, p 112 Anand, A. 1993. Introduction, 1-24 in Womens Feature Service (ed. ), The Power to Change Women in the Third World Redefine their Environment. New Jersey Zed Books, p 156-210 Andersen,P. A. & M. W. Lustig & J. F. Andersen. 1990.Changes in Latitude, Changes in AttitudeThe Relationship between Climate and Interpersonal Communication Predispositions, Communication Quarterly, v38 (1990) 291-311. Blumler, J . G. (2000). Public service broadcasting in multi-channel conditions Functions and funding. In S. Barnett (Ed. ), Funding the BBCs future (pp. 26-41). London BFI Publishing, p 521-540 Briggs, A. (1999). History of broadcasting in the United Kingdom Vol. 1. The birth of broadcasting. Oxford, England Oxford University Press, p 124-145 Starks, M. (1993). Public services and market forces The BBC experience.London British Broadcasting Corporation, p 196-214 HDTV Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation tout ensemble Rights Reserved. Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http//www. webopedia. com/ depot/H/HDTV. html Grossman, S. (2007) A breakthrough in high-definition image compression technology http//rfdesign. com/military_defense_electronics/news/breakthrough_in_technology_0613/ What is Quality? (1996), Research Note 93. Retrieved August 20, 2007 http//www. cpb. org/stations/reports/archived/researchnote93. html What is a CRT? (2002) Retrieved August 20, 2007 C opyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved.http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/CRT. html What is an SDTV? (2002) Retrieved August 20, 2007 Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/CRT. html What is an EDTV? (2002) Retrieved August 20, 2007 Copyright 2007 Jupitermedia Corporation All Rights Reserved. http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/C/CRT. html Public Service Broadcasting annual report 2007 Retrieved August 20, 2007 http//www. ofcom. org. uk/tv/psb_review/annrep/psb07/ Austerberry, D. (2006) IBC A move away from Broadcasting? Retrieved August 20, 2007, 2007 prism Business Media In

Best Buy Co., Inc. and Customer Centricity Essay

Best get Co. , Inc. is a specialty audio retail company that, through and through its unique marketing methods and willingness to lay on the line and experi custodyt, has grow unto numerous subsidiaries across and among continents for providing consumer electronic products and services. It adopts the concept of node centricity, in which a companys efforts are designed to align their target and potential clients of necessity, wants, feelings, and behavioral patterns. Though they have incurred considerable challenges and losses along the way, Best deal Co. , Inc.s journey to the care accomplishment has been one that has garnered them extensive experience and voiceless logical argument disposition that has truly worked not only for their tenet and processes however more importantly on their development. market placeing Case Study Best get Co. , Inc. and Customer Centricity Best gets Top Concern Understanding of Consumer Behavior Best obtain Inc. , Co. has made it of great importance to center their profession and marketing trade operations on better recognizing and identifying the hows, whys, and whats behind their consumers approach dynamics to electronic retail purchasers.Philip Kotler defines consumer behavior as the think of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of good, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants (Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong, Tan, 2006, p. 179), which Best Buy has made their top priority through and through. With a humble beginning as The secure of Music during the mid-nineteen sixties, Best Buy initially suffered a disaster blow which they quickly translated to building a sense of customer dealings and, in from each one extent, better brand recall.As Store Service Manager Joe Brandt emphasized, When the tornado hit, we decided to market to the community as a whole, and get electronics out there to all(prenominal)body. We geared our selves up to win by soul what con sumers want in technology,Best Buy has not only managed to turn the most unfortunate of sight into positive output, but they also exuded their willingness to identify who their consumers were, why they purchase from them, and what would make them happy (Authors resist Name, Year, p.139). During the steady suppuration through the mid-nineteen eighties, Best Buy wanted to keep the customer connection they have started. Thus, they broke away from traditional demarcation sales by eliminating commissioned sales representatives (Authors Last Name, Year, p. 139). Despite having experienced momentary financial woes, the company pushed through furthering circumstances. Amidst many adjustments, significant acquisitions of Geek Squad and Magnolia Audio and Video were made executable.Today, Best Buy is more equipped to depart from individual selling and is capable of providing better, wider, and more customer-focused services, from in-store, home, and office computer services needs. Focusi ng on the end-users, the development in understanding the various attributes the customers and clients led to the companys five segment priority. This meant that discovering more about who their clients really are and how their clients shop for their electronics meant that in-store service processes could be further developed to suit their target consumers and those others in between who do get their electronics needs at Best Buy.The five segment priority not only gave them the prospect for bettering customer service and knowledge, but also with customers and their respective segments as the focal point of all operations, personalization even in a the setting of business relations were made possible and sustainable. The process which Best Buy Inc. , Co. started and revolved centrally on different aspects for their customers, of which they were able to maintain through out and has been key their growth and success which translated to 1,172 stores, 140,000 employees, and $35.9 billi on in revenue and world-wide business achievement and recognition (Authors Last Name, Year, p. 139). Best Buys Journey through Customer Centricity With the employment of customer centricity as the companys foremost business principle, Best Buy has learned many business lessons which they had to accept, adjust, balance, and realize as either forms in reward or drawback. The most obviously beneficial characteristic of customer centricity which provided Best Buy with a strong sustainable business advantage is its soaring customer relations.Creating an atmosphere wherein customers are not only comfortable but also confident that all their electronic needs and concerns shall be tended and answered in any Best Buy store. Through building individual customer rapport, Best Buy creates a business situation where brand retention, customer service, quality product, and service offering are all and more associated with their name and reputation. However, in considering the whole process of adap tation, the company underwent some difficulties.In the early-on stages that led to the principle acclimatization, Best Buy experienced an increase of expenses and a decline of profits when they decided to deviate slowly from doing business via sales representatives. Additionally, this move was critically queried by analysts, but more importantly, it was greatly identified and appreciated by the customers. As the market for consumer electronics slowed down, Best Buy continued to differentiate their style of business from the competition. Hence, risk was its key catalyst that brought success, though accompanied by some hardships.In creating the five-customer segment priorityBarry, the affluent professional, Jill, the soccer mom, Carrie and Buzz, early adopters, Ray, practical adopter, and Small businessBest Buy financially endeavored through the companys vision of centering on the customer and were prepared to incur loses to better understand the inner-workings of their consumer. inw ardly each segment, all had specific needs and features to which Best Buy fittingly offered solutions both product and service-wise.In the process of appreciating and grasping the purchasing techniques of their customers, Best Buy realized the need for financial pre-requisite that the adaptation entails to substantiate the processes and services to better fit the client, via the trialing of lab stores. These lab stores stood as an evidential gauge on who customers would receive, react, and oppose to product offerings, store designs and service offering targeted at each segment (Authors Last Name, Year, p. 140). In the transition of adopting, Best Buy computed costs up to $600,000 to qualify a specific store outlet as customer centric.However, it all paid off since it was positively acknowledged and received by its customers (relatively playing better, compared to the average chain counterpart). Thus, it spearheaded the formal integration of Customer Centricity throughout all its s tores. With this, the identification of customer qualities had to be more specific, as they had fleetingly overlooked the differences between men and women as consumer electronics shoppers. Yet, with extensive research and tuning, consumer markets further distinguished their full potential was explored and utilized. Best Buys Pursuit to Accommodate Male and Female Market Shopping QualitiesThe constricting soccer mom segment seemed to limit the female market. Research showed that women spend $68 billion on consumer electronics each year and deviate 89 percent of all purchases. This suggests that there is much potential for profits and improving female customer relations for Best Buy (Author Last Name, Year, p. 140). In addition to this, in terms of their shopping style, men tend to be independent, whereas women tend to seek assistance while shopping for electronics (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). With these facts in hand, Best Buy opted to gear their processes even more to better answ er the needs of their female market.Incorporating the customer assistant program was also premeditated and established for any and every query the customer has to bring personal shopping to the next level (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). The personal shopping assistant not only facilitates the discussion of the clients electronic needs, but they also thoroughly explain key benefits on how and why certain electronic products would impact the lives of the customers, relating them on a personal level at each transaction, which favors the more dependent shopping style of women.Also, after broadening the Jill segment, Best Buy modified their in-store design for women, from color theme, lay-out, and displays of kitchen vignettes to packages, to house more appropriately their needs and thus, be more female friendly (McGraw-Hill Irwin, n. d. ). Best Buy Co. , Inc. truly adapted a system in which customer comes first, in every possible business and marketing scenario and circumstance. Through ce ntricity, Best Buy elevated their brand and brand of service which put them in a class of their own, above from competition, beyond traditional marketing, and in the minds of their customers.References Kotler, P. , Keller, K. L. , Ang, S. H. , Leong, S. M. , Tan, C. T. (2006). Marketing Management An Asian Perspective (Fourth Edition). Singapore Prentice Hall. McGraw-Hill Irwin. (Producer). (n. d. ). Best Buy Using Customer Centricity to Connect with Customers Case Study Video. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from http//www. mhhe. com/business/marketing/kerin9e/video/Ch05_BestBuy. swf. Last Name, First Initial (Author). (Year). Book Title. (Edition). New York McGraw Hill Irvin.

Engineering Ethics Violated and Upheld In the Fukushima Disaster Essay

locomotive engineering moral philosophy Violated and Upheld In the Fukushima Disaster trigger On March 11, 2011 an earthquake took place in Tohuku District, in Japan. The earthquake triggered a massive tsunami that resulted to an outbreak of a nuclear forcefulness plant in Japan. The tsunami was about 14- metres in height and it struck the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, that is located in Okuma and Futaba tons in the Fukushima Prefecture (Japan-earthquake, 2013). This ca utilise the loss of great power to the reactor that had units of 1, 2 and 3. Additionally, the outbreak caused adversity of the cooling system and an explosion of hydrogen that caused a massive destruction of the entire nuclear plant. The damages came along with extensive release of radioactive reactors into Japanese atmosphere and the entire demesne. Great damages certainly happened to Japan and its dwellers. There atomic military issue 18 many theories regarding this accident, but the happening was m ajorly caused by either man-made disaster or a natural disaster (Ho, 2011). The implications of this disaster were tremendous in aspects of ecology, sociology, health and social hazards. The main goal of this research is to establish engineering ethical code that were violated or upheld during the establishment of a nuclear plant. The paper will begin with definitions of engineering ethics, then, the research will establish the ethics that engineers violated during reflexion of the nuclear plant which later turned to be a disaster in Japan.Definition Engineering ethics is a system of moral principles and bowl of applied ethics that argon applied to the field and practice of engineering. Engineering ethics seeks to examine and set obligations for engineers to the society, customers and to the engineering profession. This discipline is closely related to some some other subjects such as ethics of technology, philosophy of engineering and philosophy of science.Responsibility of engineers The code of ethics recognizes an engineer as a person who should work and copy his or her profession with the greatest merit while committing his self interest to serving the community and pursuing the welfare and progress of the majority in the community. By changing the nature to benefit mankind, an engineer must be able to increase his or her awareness of the globe as the home of a man. Engineers interests to the universe should guarantee him power to overcome his spirit, skills and knowledge of reality to transform the earth into a fairer and happier place. An engineer should reject form of action that has a motive of causing general harm to the society so to prevent potential threats or hazards to the environment, health, life and the rights of human beings. Therefore, engineers are required to uphold the prestigiousness of the engineering profession, ensure it is properly discharged and maintain a professional demeanour based on his or her ability, fortitude, ho nesty, modesty, justice, magnanimity and temperance. These values should be upheld with proper consciousness of personal eudaemonia and subordinated to the social good. An engineer should ensure that he acquires new skills, more in the engineering field and the same time mobilize his knowledge, share his or her experience and provide opportunities for training and education for his employees, provide credit, moral and material hold up to the college or university where he or she studied, therefore, go the benefits and chances he and his bosses have received. An engineer should execute his duties with efficiency, that is, he must ensure compliance of standards required by law. This knowledge is very important in grounds where things neer worked in Fukushima nuclear power plant. The research majorly focused with the ethics behind setting a nuclear plants and presentation are as follows.honorable concerns for nuclear power plant As saying goes, great power comes with responsibi lity. This saying can be applied to a nuclear form of skill because of its additional power, but also to its volatile nature. Radioactive material is very hard to store and, therefore, presents a potential threat to the public health. The nuclear materials are also associated with the most powerful human weapons in the world. As an engineer contracted to set a nuclear plant, there are a number of controversial concerns that an engineer must address in order to uphold engineering ethics. Ethical issues that engineers could have addressed while setting Fukushima nuclear power plant include ramification of the location of the area that he plant was placed, this involved looking at the affects the plant could have to the sight of Japan wellbeing and the people could have reacted to the idea of the plant. Global health safety is another concern that the engineers could have addressed (The Ethics behind a Nuclear Phase-out and Replacement, 2014).Ethics involved in safety of nuclear reac tors The health and safety of nuclear reactors are the first consideration that engineers should have addressed during construction of Fukushima nuclear power plant. According to the National Society of professional engineers code of ethics, all engineers are expected to uphold the safety, welfare and health of the community. For instance, during construction, engineer should have used runny sodium rather than water because sodium is much safe than versions of water. The engineers violated this code of ethics because the explosion of the Fukushima nuclear plant caused relocation of over 130000 people while 1,600 people were left dead (Bird, 2013). New times reported that more people around the place of incident were forced to relocate to other places much far from the area of accident due to radioactive materials that were released to the atmosphere. Japanese were quoted saying that, this time we have nobody to blame for the mess that just occurred, we are responsible for the pol luted environment around us. (Bird, 2013).Public opinion ethics and global consequences Fukushima nuclear power plant was against this code of ethics. The attitude of setting nuclear plant near public dwelling places was totally unethical. The results of the explosion were negative many people were evacuated as others lost their lives. Therefore, according to this research, the public opinion ethics was not considered well by the engineers before setting the power plant at Fukushima a place that is surrounded by towns full of people. The engineers also never considered the safety of Japans and worlds environment. The radioactive materials released to the environment forced the government to relocate citizens who were living in the nearby towns.Conclusion The filling Japan needs to consider as discussed in the paper the downfalls of the nuclear power production in Japan should serve as major limited review test of Japans principle source of energy. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) code of ethics should be used to decide which source of energy Japan should take full advantage of (Code of Ethics, 2013). For instance, Japan should set a massive sea-based wind power off the coastal region of Fukushima and become independent of using nuclear energy that proved to be hazardous. Taking advantage of wave energy could be another radical of making Japan free of nuclear source of energy. This because the wave source of energy is beneficial and does not violate the ASCES and NSPEs codes of ethics. This research, therefore, support and suggests the performance of wind and wave power farms in Japan so as to make the country independent of nuclear powers caused great damage to the countrys dwellers and its environment.ReferencesE. Ho. (2011, March 16). Reactor Redux Whats happening at Fukushima-Daiichi? TIME. (Online article).http//newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/16/reactor-redux-whats-happening-at-fukushim a-daiichi/(2013). Code of Ethics. ASCE. (Online).http//www.nspe.org/Ethics/CodeofEthics/index.html (2013, September 20). Japan Earthquake Tsunami Fast Facts. CNN. (Onlinearticle).http//www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/japan-earthquaketsunami-fast-factsThe Ethics behind a Nuclear Phase out and Replacement. (2014, March 04). Retrieved May 20, 2014, from my future as a professional Engineer http//www.pitt.edu/jtz9/MyFuture.htmlW. Bird. (2013, March 10). deuce years on, Fukushima evacuees seek justice and a normal life. The Japan Times. (Online article).http//www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/03/10/people/two-years-on-fukushima-evacuees-seek-justice-and-a-normal-life/.Um7nXZR4Z9BSource document

Company Law Essay

Promoters, as defined in Twycross v Grant (1877) 2 CPD 469, be persons who tortuous in the incorporation of a community. And the common law has extended the scope of promoter further in Tracy v Mandalay Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 215. In this case, the High d entirelyy held that the promoters are not just these persons who take an active part in the ecesis process, but to a fault these who advances from the operation of the company with a resistless role. Applying this doctrine to the case study, Alicia can be regarded as one of the promoters of Batco Ltd, since she had involved in the induceation of the company and ranked as one of the three directors afterward the registration. Its also noticeable that the other two directors, Adam and Robin, were former employees of Alicia. Thus, even though Alicia didnt play an active role in the formation of the company, the connection between her and Batco before and after the registration was solid. According to Aequilas v AEFC (2011) 19T ACLC 1006, the legal consequence of a person be identified as a promoter is that such person owes stringent fiduciary duties to the company and its shareholders. They are required to act in good faith and place the companys benefits over their own (Harris, Hargovan and Adams 2011). More specifically, in Erlanger v newfangled Sombero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 CA 1218, the House of Lords held that promoters make water the duty of fully apocalypse to a board of independent directors of the actual facts when they enter into contract relations with the company Or, as stated in the in Aequilas v AEFC (2011) 19T ACLC 1006, the court also accepts an explicit disclosure made to shareholders. Taking these judgments into account, Alicia, as a director of Batco Ltd, as well as a promoter, breached her fiduciary duties. Because Alicia, as a caller to the contract with Batco, didnt make known the notification she received from a government clerk to the company before they entered into the contr act. Although without official announcement, the rezoning of the area was only a speculation, the unveiling of this info could prevent Batco from buying the site at that price, as the reassigned area could have a change in value.What to a greater extent, a cryptic profit was obtained by Alicia in the selling of property. Despite that she made a disclosure of the actual profit she earned to Adam and Robin, these two directors could not fall into the assemblage of independent directors. Additionally, even after Alicia had informed them about her real gain, in the course catalogue Batco Ltd made to its shareholders, the profitnumber was falsely presented. Thus, Alicia also contravened the promoters duty of disclosure to the companys shareholders. Once the breach of fiduciaries is established, Batco Ltd and its shareholders can sue Alicia, Adam and Robin for remedies. under s 729(1) in Corporation movement 2011(Cth), the damaged party has right to recover the occur of the loss or damage resulting from contravention of duty of disclosure. And under s 729(3), the time for taking a legal action under s 729(1) is limited to in 6 years after the happening of the breach of disclosure duty. In Erlanger v New Sombeoro Phosphate Co (1878) 3 CA 1218, the judgment rescinded the initial contract and the damaged party was allowed to recover the purchase price. Similarly, in Glukstein v Barnes (1900) AC 240, a promoter was required to account to the company on the secret profit he realized from the breach of fiduciary duties without voiding the contract. Therefore, one likely topic in this case study is Batco and its shareholders suing Alicia to rescind the purchase contract within 6 years after the happening of the breach of disclosure duty. As a result, Batco can recover the purchase price and return the site to the vendor, Alicia. Another possibility is Batco suing Alicia for breach of fiduciary duties and only require her account to the company for the secret gain. However, considering the unpredictable effect of rezoning on the purchased site, the former one would be a better option for Batco. According to Frino and Segara (2012), there are two elements of transaction costs, being the explicit and implied costs. Explicit costs include brokerage fees, exchange fees and government taxes which ordain not be discussed in this report as the trading solve was performed without incurring such costs.Implied costs emerge when share prices become unfavourable due to effect of the share trades. These unfavourable expenses are difficult to estimate and come as they usually happen in a random manner (Frino and Segara, 2012). There are three types of implied costs which will be discussed below.Firstly, every trader will be exposed to bid-ask spreads (Frino and Segara, 2012). Bid-ask spreads are the gaps between the highest purchase price and the lowest selling price at which the dealers are keen to trade upon. Thus, the median value of the bid-ask spr ead is deemed as the well-founded price.According to Frino and Segara (2012), when a dealer inevitably to complete a particular transaction urgently, the deemed reasonable price mentioned above will be forgone as the dealer will require immediate liquidity by purchasing or selling the shares at the stated bid or ask price.There are many ways and choices for a company of fund ski tow their commercial scheme and activities. One of the choices is through and through corporate fundraising to offer securities to attract humans and outside investors. The statutory provisions in related to the process is located under Ch 6D. Under the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program transaction 1999, the required standard full-disclosure document while public companies undertaking fundraising is as prospectus (zuozhe 267). In the case, Jaan Company wants to go ballistic its market and decides raising funds through offering securities and has two options to choose the first one is raising 10 mil lion and keeps domestic another one is raising 20 million and expand international. They decide to use offer securities to raise fund which means they will need to face a standard required prospectus to the public. According to dent 709, there are four types of disclosure documents. First is prospectus, which is the most common form of disclosure document and under Ch 6D s709 (1), it must generally be nimble for an offer of securities. However, if the raising capital fund is not exceeding 10 million, the prospectus is not compulsory to be prepared.The second type is short form prospectus. This type is permitted to reduce the length and complication of prospectus that are distributed to potential investors. The third type is an offer information statement. Under an offer information statement, the amount to be brocaded from the issue of securities is 10 million or less. The last one is profile statements. This type is prepared as an addition to a prospectus and a reform to simplify policy objective and reduce the volume of disclosure objects. Under the incident, for the option 1, an offer information statement is appropriate. The offer information statement is comparative simplified and according to the Corporations Acts, it is intended to facilitate more efficient capital raising, especially for start-up and small and medium sized enterprises(zuozhe, 268). The disclosure requirements are lower level than for a prospectus. Under offer information statements, the company is required to state the information about the company (includingexplain the companys business and the nature of securities, the financial audited statements within the previous 6 months), explain why the company needs to fundraising, set off details about risks involved and all amount payable. In addition, it also must state to investors that its different and lower level compare with prospectus, remind the investors should acquire professional advice. Furthermore, the copy has been lodged with ASIC who takes no responsibility for its contents is required. For option 2, a detailed, full-disclosure prospectus is required. The obligations are concluded as hobby (zuozhe, 266) firstly, all the information, which is also guaranteed reliable and available at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, need to be forgetd in a prospectus to all investors that they might realistically need to know in order to make a determination about the companys investment proposal secondly, the documents must enclose all the risks associated with the concerned industry in which the company operates thirdly, it is necessary that the disclosure of material information is in an effective way for fundraiser to undertake inquiries as well as disclose details which can enable investors to make a more accurate assessments about securities in a cost-effective way. I will recommend option 1in this case. Jaan is a small manufacturing business and not a good company it has not enough experience and com parative low capital base as well less able to meet the costs of raising capital. Compare with mature company, Jaan is less able to meet the risks to challenge the market changes and adapt quickly. Offer information is particularly suitable for the small and mid-sized enterprises it has lower requirements than prospectus and also more flexible for the company.Part 2According to S 728, if a disclosure document has following characteristics, then it would contravene misleading or deceptive conduct omission form a circumstance that is required to disclose in the document but the company has not and the circumstance is raised as a problem. In this case, Jaan has a very positive forecast in the sales and profit in the following years however, it has not happened. The company said the market needs of snowboarding are huge and the company has confidence to forecast that they have made a right choice. Unfortunately, the company is circulated these forecast without reasonable basis and inade quate marketing research.Furthermore, in order to attract investors, the company is using New Zealands snowboarding popularity diagram rather than global or Australia. Under this circumstance, the company has misled the investors and make them have a wrong perception of the companys vision. In addition, the company also comes out a new circumstance abnormal weather patterns caused by global warming will make the company to face a huge loss. This is unexpected but this circumstance should have been disclosed in the document. Under the Ch 6D, the company should disclose all the relevant risks to enable the investors to make a cautious decision. Nevertheless, the company only focus on the bright side of the future and miss to present the potential external factors that may influence the sales of the company. All these would be the facts that the companys disclose document has contravened and will face a remedy for the investors.Similar case for Jaans investors can look at is Cadence A sset Management Pty Ltd v idea Sports Ltd (2005) the defendant were misleading the investors about the companys outlook, the court decision is disagree the defendants defence and upheld the plaintiff to recover the loss suffered. Defendants may avoid their liability if they can satisfy the defences set out in ss 731-733. In this case, according to section 731, Jaan may avoid liability if they can provide evidence that their sales forecast is based on reasonable grounds, there is no misleading for the investors. And in order to defend successfully, the company also needs to show that they undertake that they can confirm their information is based on reasonable basis and the accuracy is creditable in the prospectus (zuozhe, 288). Furthermore, Jaan should also to evoke that they were unaware of the changing weather to make the company to bear the loss. These can be potential defences for the company. However, the case Cadence Asset Management Pty Ltd v supposition Sports Ltd (2005) has shown that if the company has a behaviour of misleading the investors in breach of s 728 (zuozhe, 287), Jaan may not be succeed in the defences based on the following facts they use the wrong popularity diagram to forecast the sales (besides, the company also know this fact), this is misleading to the investors in addition, the changing weather should be a relevant risk which must be disclosed to the investors. Investors have rights to know the risks associated with the operation. Base on those facts, the company may fail to defence.

Consumer Psychology and Marketing Communications Article Analysis Essay

Consumer Psychology and Marketing Communications Article Analysis Consumer Psychology is the art of determining consumer requirements finished study and analysis of consumer spending and purchasing habits relating to products or services advertised for sale. The analysis portion focuses on consumer indigence concerning products and mood relative to purchasing products. The cherry (2012) website Consumer Psychology is a specialty area that studies how our thoughts, beliefs, feelings, perceptions influence how people buy and relate to goods and services.One formal definition of the field describes it as the study of individuals, groups, or organizations, and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Psychological variable associations with buyer behavior represent a very remarkable part of what researchers study about consumers. Histor ically, the emphasis has been on several important areas needs and motivation, perception, learning, attitudes, and psychographics.Many investigations into psychological characteristics and buyer behavior ultimately emphasize the universe of discourse of market segments and how well those segments predict differences in consumer activities, examining the intrinsic qualities of individuals and how those identifications facilitate targeting consumer groups (McDonald, 1994). According to the Society for Consumer Psychology, division 23 of the American Psychological Association, consumer psychology employs theoretical psychological approaches to understanding consumers.Consumer psychologists study a variety of topics, including how consumers choose businesses, products, and services, the thought processes, and emotions behind consumer decisions. Other factors considered are how environmental variables such as friends, family, media, and culture influence buy decisions, what motivates people to choose one product over an opposite, how personal factors and individual difference affect peoples buying choices and what marketers can do to strive effectively out to their target customers (Cherry, 2012).Consumer behavior consists of studying buyers trends and the processes they use to choose, consume, and dispose of products and services. A more in-depth definition will also complicate how that process affects the world. Consumer behavior incorporates ideas from several sciences, including psychology, biology, chemistry, and economics. Mood of the consumer can affect buying habits. The line between an emotion and mood is frequently difficult to draw, but a lot by convention involves conceiving of a mood as longer lasting from a few hours up to days and lower in intensity than an emotion. lock away another distinction between emotions and moods is that the former typically is intentional, that is, it has an object or referent, whereas moods are generally nonintention al and global or diffused. Marketing communications are messages and other media that used to communicate the promotion part of trade that consisting of pricing, products, promoting, and placing. Marketing communications is what drives us to buy, whereas consumer psychology studies how or why we buy. It is the study of why we buy real products and not others, and the process of what we go through to use, select, secure, and dispose of these products or services.It delves into the reasons of how we satisfy our needs and the impact these processes have on society and the consumer. The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their trade strategies by understanding issues, such as the psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives, e. g. , brands, products, and retailers. Several other psychological factors also considered are how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment, e. g. culture, family, signs, media the behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome.Finally, how consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in his or her level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer, how marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer (Perner, 2010).Consumer psychology studies human characteristics (feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and beliefs) and how these characteristics governs our thoughts, influence how we relate to, and buy goods and services. It studies why we purchase desired products and not others, and the process of what we go through to use, select, secure, and dispose of these products or services. It delves into the reasons of how we satisfy our needs and the impact these processes have on society and the consumer.

Ethernet Cabling Category

The charter schools CEO has requested your help in updating the network to meet the demands of the buildings readiness members and students. Your military control is to interview the key stakeholders and to take action to remedy the issues that they have. Write a two to three page proposal addressing each of the stakeholder concerns. Use the technologies infra for the sphere of influences of concern. all(prenominal) of the technologies listed below will not be used, so be careful with your choices. You must use one of the solutions below to address each area of concern.Be particularised in your responses, and justify the use of each technology based upon the concern. Category 2 UTP 10Base T Ethernet Cabling Category 5 UTP 100Base T Ethernet Cabling Category 6 UTP 1000Base T Ethernet Cabling Server Farm File Server Print Server 8 user interface hub 16 port hub 24 port hub 8 port flip over 16 port switch 24 port switch Storage area network RAID Fiber 1000Based-F Domain cont rollers Bus network topology topographic anatomy Microwave wireless media Infrared wireless media Radio wireless media K E Y P L A Y E R SHelen Ross, Network Technician, Female I dont know who designed our old network or what they were thinking. You see, my job is to support the faculty in the building and to compel excusable network issues. Well, we often have major issues in our building, and Im hoping that you can make things better. Printing is a really lineatic area for us. You see, we have over 50 networked printers in this building. Although we do look at the printers, we need some way to consolidate the management of print jobs, as the queues on these printers often are filled.We in like manner need to navigate to each printer individually to clear them. There has to be a better way because this is ridiculous. Collisions have become a problem for us as well since we started to add new computers a few years ago. In the morning when everyone gets in, network performance slows to a crawl because everyone is occupy on the network with their morning attendance and checking e-mail. After performing a network analysis, I figured out that there were way too many collisions on the network. There has to be a way to fix this. Ethernet Cabling CategoryThe charter schools CEO has requested your help in updating the network to meet the demands of the buildings faculty members and students. Your job is to interview the key stakeholders and to take action to remedy the issues that they have. Write a two to three page proposal addressing each of the stakeholder concerns. Use the technologies below for the areas of concern. All of the technologies listed below will not be used, so be careful with your choices. You must use one of the solutions below to address each area of concern.Be specific in your responses, and justify the use of each technology based upon the concern. Category 2 UTP 10Base T Ethernet Cabling Category 5 UTP 100Base T Ethernet Cabling Catego ry 6 UTP 1000Base T Ethernet Cabling Server Farm File Server Print Server 8 port hub 16 port hub 24 port hub 8 port switch 16 port switch 24 port switch Storage area network RAID Fiber 1000Based-F Domain controllers Bus topology Topology Microwave wireless media Infrared wireless media Radio wireless media K E Y P L A Y E R SHelen Ross, Network Technician, Female I dont know who designed our old network or what they were thinking. You see, my job is to support the faculty in the building and to fix minor network issues. Well, we often have major issues in our building, and Im hoping that you can make things better. Printing is a really problematic area for us. You see, we have over 50 networked printers in this building. Although we do need the printers, we need some way to consolidate the management of print jobs, as the queues on these printers often are filled.We also need to navigate to each printer individually to clear them. There has to be a better way because this is ridicu lous. Collisions have become a problem for us as well since we started to add new computers a few years ago. In the morning when everyone gets in, network performance slows to a crawl because everyone is busy on the network with their morning attendance and checking e-mail. After performing a network analysis, I figured out that there were way too many collisions on the network. There has to be a way to fix this.

Letter to Client Advising on the Tax Impact of Sale of Property by Installments

I would homogeneous(p) to bring to your attention the tax ramifications of your expressed consideration to sell your estate to us. But before I can do that, I consider it very essential for you to understand how ABC trusts work. This exit subscribe initial knowledge of how the more common AB banks work. AB Trust An AB Trust offers creditor, lawsuit, dissever and bankruptcy protection for the surviving spouse in do- superber to similar protection for ones heirs when they take pull down of their inheritances. The demolition of the first spouse makes the Living Trust be divided into two evident Trusts.Trust A is held in the anticipate of the living spouse while trust be is in the name of the deceased person spouse. Both the two trusts are meant to be for the acquire of the surviving as long as they are alive, but in the end the assets will go to the spouses heirs. The surviving spouse, to a pre-agreed and stipulated level, controls Trust B though it belongs to the beneficia ries named in the Trust. All the assets and properties in Trust B pass to the originally stated beneficiaries upon the death of the surving spouse.The properties and assets in Trust B are considered not to be the surving spouses blank space and for that designer they are usually not subject to tax. ABC Trust An ABC Trust has clauses that direct the regent the revokable Living Trust, upon the occurrence of the first spouses death, to divide the Trust into three distinct and separate Trusts as opposed to two in an AB Trust. This has the effect of providing a even greater protection from creditors for the living spouse. Just as is the case with AB Trust, the A Trust is a revocable Living Trust for the living spouse.The Band C Trusts are irrevocable and are usually meant to benefit the surviving spouse while they are alive, but the assets in both Trusts eventually transfer to the deceaseds heirs on passing on of the surving spouse. Currently, $3. 5 million is the tax exempt amount per mortal and $7million for a couple. Trust C holds any everywhereflow over and above the $7million for couples, and this is contrary to AB Trust where the overflows of Income go to Trust A. This extends the creditor, bankruptcy, divorce and lawsuit protection to the surviving spouse in addition to the same protection offered to heirs, if they wish so.Taxation of installment sales In certain situations the installment sale of prop method allows a sale of property without requiring the seller to recognize and report gains made on the property until the actual receipt of the payment. The territorial dominions that govern installment sales are well place down. In addition the gain deferral achieved though installment sale treatment, in particular circumstances, and enables the transferor to spread gain over the period of payment of installments depending on the proportion the gross profit on sale carries to the price of the contract.If the seller and the buyer make an agreement to s pecifically allocate installments, then tax deferrals can be maximized. The rule for eligibility for installment sale treatment, the seller must receive not less than one payment later the end of year of tax in which the sale occurs . However, there are a number of unqualified transactions, which include among others transactions where the overall sale results into a loss and where transaction involves sale of inventory. Generally speaking, the Taxpayer alleviation Act of 1997 (TRA 97) had the impact of reducing the maximum capital gains rate to twenty per cent.However, some other changes buzz off been made to the taxation of gains on depreciable real property. Complexities have often arose in administration of these new victual to depreciable real estate sold subject. This however is of little concern for you because your property is non-depreciable. Considering the facts regarding the matter as laid down above, I am pleased to inform you that your effort of reducing the amount of tax that would be due as gain on sale is likely to succeed because the sale will be done at market value thus no losses shall be realized on the sale, in addition to the fact that the property is not an inventory.Furthermore, the tax will de deferred to the beneficiaries of your estate and thus will likely be spread and shared among several beneficiaries and thus the tax burden will be spread among several shoulders as well. The fact that your estate is held in an ABC Trust is even good news because the level of protection provided to the estate, as well as the beneficiaries if they so wish, against lawsuits and creditors after the grantor passes is significantly high. I therefore strongly recommend that you go ahead with the sale as you stand to gain a lot in from such a sale.

Role of Project Management

The Role of the attend Manager A sick motorbus is the person who has the over either taradiddleability for the successful initiation, stick outning, de sucker, execution, monitoring, take forling and stop of a endure. The job patronage is mapd in construction, petrochemical, architecture, schooling technology and many a(prenominal) antithetic industries that produce products and go. The check motorcoach moldiness surrender a combination of skills including an ability to use up penetrating questions, detect unstated assumptions and resolve conflicts, as well as more(prenominal) general screwment skills.Key among his or her duties is the recognition that peril directly learnings the akinlihood of success and that this take a chance moldiness(prenominal) be both formally and informally mea undis deputeabled throughout the animation of the cat. attempts arise from uncertainty, and the successful parturiency charabanc is the one who focuses on this as the main concern. Most of the issues that equal a intention arise in one- centering or an split from venture. A acceptable depict be intimater offer lessen risk signifi kittytly, often by adhering to a policy of open communication, ensuring all signifi tooshiet participant has an opportunity to express opinions and concerns.It follows that a frame jitney is one who is responsible for fashioning ratiocinations both large and small, in such a way that risk is controlled and uncertainty minimized. Every decision taken by the hurtle fill inr should be taken in such a way that it directly benefits the discombobulate. spew managers use throw away commission softwargon, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks and cypherforce. These softw be packages allow hold managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compargond with the several moments it send packing take if they do it by hand. Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe role of the lying-in manager encom passes many activities including ? Scope forethought ? sequence counselling ? Cost focussing ? Risk Management ? Quality Management ? Contract Management ? Communication Management ? Human Resources Management Finally, senior heed must give a fox manager support and authority if he or she is divergence to be successful. Scope Management Best Practices for Scope Management The knowledge world of Scope Management is all rough making sure that the propose includes scarcely the work compulsory to complete the see to it successfully.To be tackive at atomic number 18a concern, puke manager must give away to control what is and what is non in the scope of the stomach. Below atomic number 18 or so of the best practices for successful scope management. ? Collect Project Requirements ? mend the Scope ? Create a live on Breakdown construction ? maintain the Scope and Get Feed anchor ? monitoring device and Control the Scope 1. Collect Project Requirements The abi lity to define and hence efficaciously control the scope of a task depends a lot on the goals and requirements of the range. For this reason, pop the question manager involve to gather the necessary information up front, before you ever start the nark wind.By clearly taste the regards of the stakeholders and the capabilities and constraints of the resources, disgorge manager obtain a higher chance to succeed. The easiest way to collect the have requirements is to perform interviews with the line stakeholders. Ask questions about their views of the finish uped product, the deliverables they expect to receive, and the schedule of the labor. Once run across manager have the information request, project manager may want to create a Scope Management Plan to define the solvees that give be followed in defining scope, documenting scope, affirm and have a bun in the ovening scope, and managing variety show requests. . Define the Scope The scope of a project typically consists of a set of deliverables, an assigned bud specify, and an expected closure term. The previously collected project requirements exit protagonist project manager define the scope. Be sure to write down exactly what the project will entail and what it will not entail. all metre of variation in the scope of the project apprize affect the project schedule, cypher, and ultimately the success of the project. acquiring a clear and concise definition of the scope will help project manager manage modifys as they occur.With a clear scope definition, project manager can simply ask the question, Does this change fall within the scope of the project? If the answer is yes, thence approve the change. If the answer is no, then put a pin it and save it for an early(a) quantify or project. Scope Creep Scope spectre is approximatelything common with every project. This refers to the incremental expansion of the project scope. Most of the time, the guest may enumerate back to the service get outr during the project execution and add more requirements. Most of such requirements havent been in the sign requirements.As a burden, change requests need to be raised in differentiate to cover the increasing be of the services supplier. Due to vocation scope weirdy, there can be technological scope snarf as well. The project police squad may require new technologies in order to address some of the new requirements in the scope. In such instances, the services provider may want to work with the client closely and put one across necessary logistic and financial arrangements. 3. Create a Work Breakdown Structure A work breakdown structure or WBS is a graphical representation of the pecking order of the project.The WBS forces the project aggroup to think through all directs of the project and identify the major tasks that need to be performed for the project to be completed on time. By starting with the end objective and then successively subdividing it int o manageable steps or servings in scathe of size, duration, and responsibility, the WBS provides a high train view of the entire project. Furthermore, the framework makes prep and dictatorial the scope of the project much easier since project manager have a graphical chart to reference point for the tasks and subtasks needed for for unmarriedly one variety angle of the project.As a general rule of thumb, no task within the WBS should be less than 8 hours or more than 80 hours. 4. Verify the Scope and Get Feedback Because projects be expected to meet strict deadlines, verifying the scope of the project is critical before and during the project cycle. Scope verification can be through after for each one(prenominal)(prenominal) major task or phase is completed or if it is a little project, after the project has been completed. To verify the scope, meet with the project customer or stakeholder and get him/her to formally accept the project deliverables.This includes getti ng a written acceptance of the deliverables and requesting feedback on the work performed. Getting feedback from the customer is an thin way for project manager to modify offshootes and make sure the customer is happy with the work and the stipulation of the project. The intimately master(prenominal) thing here is to communicate well and often. Verifying the scope and getting feedback will help you focus on customer acceptance, forest control, and verifying that work performed meets the definition of the scope of the project. 5. Monitor and Control the ScopeNow that the Scope has been clearly defined, a work breakdown structure has been organised, and the customer has formally original the scope of the project, it is time to actually manage and control the scope to avoid scope creep. Scope creep refers to the incremental expansion of the scope of the project, which may include and introduce more requirements that may not have been a part of the initial provision phases, ho wever add be and time to the original project. To effectively monitor and control the scope of the project, make sure project manager have an complete plow for managing change requests.Any and all requests should be vetted and approved before they get introduced into the project. The budget and schedule of the project should too be altered to reflect the new changes. These changes should get a formal sign-off from the customer or key stakeholder before proceeding. It is chief(prenominal) that project manager closely monitor and control the scope to avoid disgruntled customers, higher than expected be, and projects that arnt completed on time. Time Management Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the right time is allocated to the right activity.Effective time management allows individuals to assign ad hoc time slots to activities as per their importance. Time Management refers to making the best use of time as time is always limited. do it which work should be through with(p) earlier and which can be through with(p) a little later. Time Management plays a very important role not only in manageing bodys and in addition in our personal lives. Time Management Includes ? Effective Planning ? redactting goals and objectives ? Setting deadlines ? delegating of responsibilities ? Prioritizing activities as per their importance expending the right time on the right activity Effective Planning wee-wee a To Do List or a TASK PLAN. Jot down the important activities that need to be done in a single day against the time that should be allocated to each activity. High Priority work should come on top followed by those which do not need much of our importance at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not go about fresh work unless we have finished our previous task. Tick the ones we have already completed. Ensure finish the tasks within the stipulated time frame. Setting Goals and ObjectivesWorking without goals and targe ts in an face would be similar to a situation where the schoolmaster of the ship loses his way in the sea. Set targets and make sure they argon realistic ones and achievable. Setting Deadlines Set deadlines for strive hard to complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. Learn to take ownership of work. peerless person who can best set the deadlines is project manager. Use a planner to mark the important dates against the set deadlines. Delegation of Responsibilities Learn to say NO at workplace. Dont do everything alone.There ar other citizenry as well. One should not accept something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles and responsibilities must be delegated as per by-line and specialization of employees for them to finish tasks within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something require more time than someone who knows the work well. Prioritizing Tasks Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the difference in the midst of impor tant and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be done within a day, which all should be done within a month and so on.Tasks which are close to important should be done earlier. Spending the right time on right activity father the habit of doing the right thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of much use. Dont waste a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or so. Also keep some time separate for personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter. After all human being is not a machine. For Effective Time Management Project Manager Needs To Be Organized Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of paper at workstation. Throw what all dont need.Put important documents in folders. Keep the files in their single drawers with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes on unnecessary searching. Dont misdirect time Do not kill time by loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate on work and finish assignments on time. Remember the institution is not reaching for playing games on computing machine or peeping into others cubicles. First complete the work and then do whatever feels comparable doing. Dont wait till the last moment. Be Focuse One postulate to be focussed for effective time management.Ten Essential Time Management Strategies for the Project Manager The following are the best time management practices for project managers 1. Use the right tools and equipment. In project management, a project managers enduringness will largely depend on the tools at his or her disposal. Even the roughly adroit project manager will be limited if the right software and equipment are not available. beforehand taking on a project, project managers should thus assess their needfully. Some areas to consider include communication theory equipment, project tracking software, and collaboration software. . Get to know your project military force. Social, economic, and cultural differences can often crest to misu nderstanding and mis-communication among project team members, especially in situations where a project manager is working with a multi-national project team, and these misunderstandings can be a significant draw on project time. To counteract this affect, project managers should be familiar with the social, economic, and cultural differences of the project team members, and then batten that these differences are taken into consider within project communications. . The 20/80 rule. One of the guiding rules in the management of a project is the Pareto Principle which states that roughly 80% of the outputs will be generated by only 20% of the inputs. In other words, a few elements create the close to concussion. Project managers can capitalize on this rationale with the use of a Pareto Chart, a vertical bar graph that identifies in rank order the most important elements or factors in a project, so that attention can be directed to the things that matter the most. 4. The hold over factor.When creating the project budget and setting the project schedule, experienced project managers will always include a cushion in their estimates. These over-estimates of time and money are meant to compensate for any small, unexpected problems that may come up throughout the course of the project, and will ultimately help the project to stay on course. 5. Develop a solid risk management strategy. In addition to budgeting for unexpected draws on time and money, project managers need to have a solid risk management strategy in place so that a project recovery plan can be quickly imposeed if problems arise. 6.Effectively delegate tasks. One of the biggest pitfalls in project management is insufficient delegation of responsibilities. Project managers in particular must be available to oversee the various elements of the project and make key decisions. When they are being bogged down by tasks that can be done by others, then it compromises their ability to manage. 7. Conduct pro ductive team meetings. When project personnel are brought together, it is vital that there be a clear and focused agenda to the meeting. Otherwise, the time of the project manager as well as all those attending the meeting will be compromised.Experienced project managers are adept at determining which information must be discussed in a face-to-face meeting and which information can be disseminated via other mediums. 8. Effective communication system for communication. It almost goes without saying that a project will never run smoothly if the right information does not reach the right mint at the right time. A system for effective communication of project information among project personnel as well as project clients and senior executives is a must.Not only must the project manager break that he or she is presenting information in a clear, logical, and apprehensible way, but also that the right tools are in place, such as file- sharing programs, nedeucerks, and collaboration tool s. 9. day-by-day personal to-do list. A simple, yet highly effective time management technique for the project manager is the daily creation of a personal to-do list. Having such a list on hand will help the project manager stay on track and not get caught up in the projects myriad details. 10. Stay focused on the big delineation.As the old saying goes dont parturiency the small stuff, thats the job of the various project personnel hired to bring the project to completion. Putting unjustifiable attention on relatively insignificant verbalisms of the project can also quickly bring the project off schedule. Experienced project managers know where they can let go versus clear-sighted which things demand their attention. By following the time management strategies mentioned above, the project manager can help to ensure that all the elements of the project are indeed brought together in a harmonious path towards project completion.Time Management Tips for Project Managers Summary Time management is a basic skill for project managers. If project manager manage own time, how can project manager expect to manage the teams? Ask each day what project manager did to move the project forward. Plan the next day, what will project manager do to ensure the project continues along the straight and narrow. Plan the time, manage the resources with a light touch and communicate effectively. With a little time management, project success should come easier. Cost Management The following are the tolls cussd with the projects. Direct beAny equals that are directly attributable to the work on the project. These can include the salaries paying(a) to the resources, the billing rate of the resources and costs of the software and hardware that are used for body-building the website Indirect cost These costs are spread out against many projects and cannot be linked to one project alone. These costs include those incurred in shared services like cost of mail service space, t axes paid by the organization and other services like secretarial and janitorial ply Variable be Costs that change in proportion to the amount of time and material that are spent on produced in the project. indomitable Costs Costs that do not change with the timeline or progress of the project. A cost be either Fixed or Variable Direct or Indirect The overhead costs for this project are the office setup and shared services. While the costs incurred in setting up the office space can be general overhead cost as it is a one-time cost and is borne by all the projects in the organization. The project overhead costs are the costs incurred in the shared services such as secretarial staff and other services provide to the project and can be directly billable as such.Time phased budget A time phased budget would include the costs incurred at each interval or milestone of the project. The milestones for this project would be requirements, design, coding, testing and performance. The budg et for the same would be the costs at each stage of the project. The budget at completion or BAC should have all the components of the costs included like direct and indirect costs, set and variable costs etc along with the cost at each phase or milestone of the project.The cost variance should be measured using Earned Value technique and this tool allows the manager to assess the completion of the project at each milestone according to the cost incurred and the value accrued till then. Variance in the midst of these two measures gives an accurate estimate of the health of the project. additive costs The accumulative costs of the project are the ones that are incurred up to a specific phase or milestone of the project. It can be measured by using a Cost accomplishment Index or CPI which measures the ratio of the Earned value with regards to the Actual cost incurred on the project.As outlined above, all the costs that accumulate up to a particular phase can be called the cumulati ve costs of the project. Cost control The cost management plan should include the plan for controlling the costs of the project. There should be a measurement of the costs involved and their variances tracked, if any. Any variance to the budget must be controlled by the controlling the impact of the cost changes. Further, cost control can be done in the area of overhead costs and general and administrative expenses. Estimating Project CostsThe Wideman Comparative Glossary of special K Project Management Terms describes estimating cost as The regale of forecasting a future result in terms of cost, based upon information available at the time. In his book How to be a Better Project Manager, Trevor L Young defines estimating as A decision about how much time and resource are postulate to carry out a piece of work to acceptable trites of performance. many techniques, books and software packages exist to help with estimating project costs. A few simple rules will also help ensure y ou create an accurate and realistic estimate. affect resources will only be productive for 80 percent of their time. ? Resources working on multiple projects take longer to complete tasks because of time lost replacement between them. ? People are generally optimistic and often underestimate how long tasks will take. ? fuck off use of other project manager experiences. ? Get an expert view. ? Include management time in any estimate. ? Always build in contingency for problem solving, meetings and other unexpected events. ? Cost each task in the Work Breakdown Structure to arrive at a total, rather than arduous to cost the project as a whole. Agree a tolerance with the customer for additional work that is not yet defined. ? Communicate any assumptions, exclusions or constraints project manager have to the customer. ? Provide regular budget statements to the customer, copying the team, so they are always aware of the current position. ? Much data exists about the length of time pa rticular items of work take, especially in the construction industry. A useful database of turnout rates can be found at Planning Planet Common Mistakes ? These are some of the common mistakes that can trinity to inaccurate estimates. Not understanding what is involved to complete an item of work. ? commencement with an amount of money and making the project cost fit it. ? Assigning resources at more than 80 percent utilization. ? Failing to build in contingency. ? Failing to adjust the estimate following changes in scope. ? Dividing tasks between more than one resource. ? Providing estimates under pressure in project meetings. ? Giving single-data-point estimates rather than range estimates. deuce-ace Point Estimating Three point estimating is a technique that helps project managers produce better estimates.Rather than a commons estimate, project managers can use third point estimating to gain a colossaler degree of control over how the end value is calculated. The end value is the weighted average of tercet estimates. To do three point estimating for a particular task or activity, ask the resource for their best- topic, most believably and hit case estimates. Add the best-case estimate to four times the most likely, then the worst case and set off by six. This gives you your estimate (E value) which is a slightly more symmetryd view of how long the task or activity is likely to take.The formula is expressed as E = (B + 4 M + W)/6 B = best-case (1/6) M = most likely (4/6) W = worst case (1/6) four-card monte Carlo Simulation in MS Excel The Monte Carlo method of estimating project cost is based on the generation of multiple trials to encounter the expected value of a random variable. There are several commercial packages that run Monte Carlo simulation however a basic spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel can be used to run a simulation. Risk Management Literally speaking,risk management is the process of minimizing or mitigating the risk.It starts with the assignment and evaluation of risk followed by optimal use of resources to monitor and minimize the same. Risk generally results from uncertainty. In organizations this risk can come from uncertainty in the market place (demand, supply and Stock market), hardship of projects, accidents, natural disasters etc. There are different tools to deal with the same depending upon the kind of risk. Ideally in risk management, a risk prioritization process is followed in which those risks that pose the threat of great loss and have great luck of occurrence are dealt with low. call to table below IMPACT ACTIONS SIGNIFICANT gigantic Management Required Must Manage and Monitor Risks Extensive Management prerequisite MODERATE Risk are bearable to certain extent Management effort worthwhile Management effort required MINOR Accept Risks Accept but monitor Risks Manage and Monitor Risks LOW MEDIUM amply LIKELIHOOD The above chart can be used to strategize in various situation s. The two factors that govern the action required are the probability of occurrence and the impact of the risk.For example a condition where the impact is minor and the probability of occurrence is low, it is better to accept the risk without any interventions. A condition where the likeliness is high and the impact is significant, extensive management is required. This is how a certain priority can be established in dealing with the risk. unconnected from this, typically most of the organizations follow a risk management cycle. Refer diagram below pic According to this cycle there are four steps in the process of risk management. The first step is the judging of risk, followed by evaluation and management of the same. The last step is meter the impact.Risk identification can start at the base or the surface level, in the former case the source of problems is identified. We now have two things to deal with the source and the problem. Risk SourceThe source can be either inside or external to the system. External sources are beyond control whereas internal sources can be controlled to a certain extent. For example, the amount of rainfall, weather over an airport etc ProblemA problem at the surface level could be the threat of accident and casualty at the plant, a fire incident etc. When any or both of the above two are cognise beforehand, certain steps can be taken to deal with the same.After the risk has been identified then it must be assessed on the potential of criticality. Here we arrive upon risk prioritization. In generic terms likelihood of occurrence ? impact is equal to risk. This is followed by development of a risk management plan and implementation of the same. It comprises of the effective security controls and control mechanisms for mitigation of risk. A more challenging risk to organizational effectiveness is the risk that is present but cannot be identified. For example a perpetual inefficiency in the production process accumulates over a certain period of time and translates into operational risk. The Principles of Risk ManagementEvery project manager and business leader needs to be aware of the practices and principles of effective risk management. Understanding how to identify and treat risks to an organization, a programmed or a project can save unnecessary difficulties later on, and will prepare managers and team members for any unavoidable incidences or issues. The M_o_R (Management of Risk) framework identifies twelve principles, which are intended not to be prescriptive but provide collateral guidance to enable organizations to develop their own policies, processes strategies and plan. Organizational Context A fundamental principle of all generic management methods, including PRINCE2 and MSP as well as M_o_R, is that all organizations are different.Project managers, programmed managers and risk managers need to consider the specific context of the organization in order to ensure stark(a) identification of risks and becharm risk treatment procedures. The term organizational context encompasses the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental backdrop of an organization. Stakeholder elaboration It is roaring for a management team to become internalized and forget that stakeholders are also key participants in everyday business procedures, short-term projects and business-wide change programmed. Understanding the roles of individual stakeholders and managing stakeholder involvement is crucial to successful.Stakeholders should, as outlying(prenominal) as is appropriate, be made aware of risks to a project or programmed. Within the context and stakeholder involvement, appropriate concerns the identity and role of the stakeholder, the level of influence that the stakeholder has over and outside of the organization, the level of investment that the stakeholder has in the organization, and the vitrine, probability and potential impact of the risk. Organizational O bjectives Risks exist only in relation to the activities and objectives of an organization. Rain is a cast out risk for a picnic, a positive risk for drought-ridden farmland and a non-risk for the occupants of a submarine.It is imperative that the individual responsible for risk management (whether that is the business leader, the project/programmed manager or a specialist risk manager) understands the objectives of the organization, in order to ensure a tailored approach. M_o_R Managing of Risk Approach The processes, policies, strategies and plans within the M_o_R framework provide generic guidelines and templates within a particular organization. These guidelines are based on the experience and research of professed(prenominal) risk managers from a wide range of organizations and management backgrounds. Following best practices ensures that individuals involved in managing the risks associated with an organizations activity are able to learn from the mistakes, experiments and l essons of others. ReportingAccurately and clearly representing data, and the transmission of this data to the appropriate staff members, managers and stakeholders, is crucial to successful risk management. The M_o_R methodology provides standard templates and tested structures for managing the frequency, content and participants of risk communication. Roles and Responsibilities Fundamental to risk management best practice is the clear definition of risk management roles and responsibilities. Individual functions and accountability must be transparent, both within and outside an organization. This is important both in terms of organizational governance, and to ensure that all the necessary responsibilities are covered by appropriate individuals. Support StructureA support structure is the supplying within an organization of standardized guidelines, information, procreation and funding for individuals managing risks that may arise in any specific area or project. This can include a centralized risk management team, a standard risk management approach and best-practice guidelines for reporting and reexaminationing organizational risks. azoic Warning Indicators Risk identification is an essential first step for removing or alleviating risks. In some cases, however, it is not possible to remove risks in advance. Early warning indicators are pre-defined and quantified triggers that alert individuals responsible for risk management that an identified risk is imminent.This enables the most fundamental and prepared approach to handling the situation. Review Cycle Related to the need for early warning indicators is the review cycle. This establishes the regular review of identified risks and ensures that risk managers remain sensitive to new risks, and to the effectiveness of current policies. Overcoming Barriers to M_o_R Any successful strategy requires thoughtful consideration of possible barriers to implementation. Common issues include ? Established roles, resp onsibilities, accountabilities and ownership. ? An appropriate budget for embedding approach and carrying out activities. ? Adequate and accessible training, tools and techniques. Risk management orientation, induction and training processes. ? Regular assessment of M_o_R approach (including all of the above issues. Supportive Culture Risk management underpins many different areas and expressions of an organizations activity. A supportive socialization is essential for ensuring that everybody with risk management responsibilities feels confident rising, discussing and managing risks. A supportive risk management culture will also include evaluation and reinforcement of risk management competencies for the appropriate individuals. Continual Improvement In an evolving organization, nothing stands still. An effective risk management policy includes the mental ability for re-evaluation and avail.At a practical level, this will require the nomination of an individual or a group of in dividuals to the responsibility of ensuring that risk management policies and procedures are up-to-date, as well as the establishment of regular review cycles of the organizations risk management approach. Quality Management Procurement and Quality Process The art of project management calls for an increased vigil on property and related processes. The project manager is expected to be aware of the best practices that are used for the project and is supposed to make sure that he or she adapts them to the use of project management. One area of concern nowadays is the absence of processes in procurement and staffing. These are areas of concern not only to the project manager but also to the organizations.There is a need to balance the requirements of the fast procurement and staffing cycle with that of proper processes to be followed. There has been much debate in many organizations about the lack of smell in recruitment and procurement. These twin areas of eccentric and procuremen t have the aspect of ruining the chances of a successful project and hence the project manager has a responsibility to steer the course and ensure that feel does not suffer. There are several areas of project management that need bore control and there are several benchmarks of quality that can be used to meet these standards. For instance, many organizations use Six Sigma and SEI CMM level processes to guide them in the art of quality and meeting quality specifications.These are just one instance of how the quality framework is used to differentiate between the processes that are error free and those that need revision and rework. Sampling method prescribed by Kaizen, Six Sigma etc can be used to improve the quality of the processes that are employed by the organizations. Kaizen, in particular relates to constant expediency, a theme that would have resonance in the uber- war-ridden world of today. All organizations strive for quality and to find the edge that would differenti ate those from others and thus these initiatives are the ones that the project manager must look forward to and implement them diligently in the workplace.To address the issues arising out of paltry procurement and staffing practices, the project manager has to be in constant touch with one important stakeholder i. e. , the procurement and staffing teams and this is where the project manager is expected to show their level of competence by managing the procurement and staffing cycle. Quality Management Vs Quality Control Quality is defined as the degree to which the project meets the requirements (PMBOK, 2009). The operative word here is meeting the requirements and hence anything that is done that is not conformist to the requirements is said to be deviating from the norm of quality. In the subsequent paragraphs, I look at the distinction between quality management and the processes of quality control.Quality management is the practice of drawing up plans that mold the standards that need to present to the project, determining who would be involved in managing quality and their specific duties, meetings to determine if the project is conforming to the quality specifications laid out in the quality management plan and laying out the prosody that are used to measure quality. As defined by the PMBOK, Project Quality Management is the comprehensive plan that includes all the components of the quality planning process (PMBOK, 2009). Quality control, on the other hand, is the set of processes that measure the metrics of quality by assessing the specific project results against standards.Quality control processes are done during project monitoring and controlling functions whereas quality management is done during the initiating and planning phase (PMBOK, 2009). Hence, quality control is the subset of quality management and is the final exam phase of the project management cycle. Quality management is all encompassing and consists of laying down standards agains t which the project quality metrics are defined and need to be measured against. Quality management takes into account the lower level details of how the output of the project is to be tracked and measured. Quality control is the process of ensuring that the quality metrics are met.Hence, while quality management is the process of planning and managing the requirements of the project from the stance of quality, quality control is the process of standard the level of output and the quality of the output and typically consists of measuring the output against the quality metrics that were decided upon in the quality management plan. The reason that quality management and quality control are used interchangeably is due to the perception that quality control encompasses the planning aspect as well. This is certainly true in organizations that do not have a separate quality department and quality planning and quality control is the domain of the project management processes. In organizat ions that have separate quality departments and where there is a well thought out quality plan, quality management and quality control are separate and are handled by different people.In conclusion, quality management typically produces as its deliverables a comprehensive quality management plan that includes the quality control aspect of it. Quality control in this case is handled by a different set of people who do the tracking and measuring of metrics in a dedicated manner. Typically, the process of quality management includes the representatives from the quality department and the quality control processes are the reverse with the quality department handling the tracking of metrics and reporting to the project management team. Quality control is an independent audit of the quality of deliverables and is necessary for the sign off of the project. Demings 14 Points and Quality Project ManagerQuality is misunderstood by many who think of it only as it relates to the final deliverab le, but a quality product is itself achieved only through quality processes focused on efficiency, innovation, and continual improvement, and these require a quality management culture not only in our projects, but within our organizations. In chapter two of his 1986 book, Out of the Crisis, Edward Deming presented 14 principles that he believed could make industry more competitive by increasing quality. Organizational improvements can begin with anyone. While its true that our professional domain as project managers is bounded by the project life cycle, our influence is often much greater than that, and quality management is one of those areas where skilled project managers are best suited to be instrumental change agents first in the culture of their projects, and second, in the culture of their departments and organizations.As project managers, if we follow Demings principles, we can create project environments where quality thrives, not only benefiting our customers and project s, but perhaps serving as a tipping point for effecting a quality management change within our organizations. 1. Create Constancy of Purpose towards Improvement Deming is telling management to stop reacting and plan better for the long-term. For project managers What has been traditionally thought of as long-term planning is no longer achievable. Business changes too rapidly, and detailed, up-front plans take too long to produce and are always overage by the time theyre committed to paper.Yet projects must have a plan that establishes activities, milestones, and priorities, so what we should strive for in our projects is thorough planning based on reiterative, rolling-wave, or Agile approaches. Thorough planning uses detailed planning for the short-term with a longer-term view emphasizing constant reviews, re-planning, and risk management, especially for opportunities that can be exploited. This results in a project plan that can adapt quickly to abrupt business and deliverable ch anges without throwing the project into chaos. 2. Adopt the new Philosophy Deming is telling management to stop being hypocritical, awaken itself to the challenge, and become leaders.For project managers People will always see through anyone who says one thing, but whose actions are entirely different. Lasting, energize change starts first with us, and only then will it spread outward and excite others into action. As managers, our upshot values cant just be expressed through our words, but they must be evident in all our actions with our teams and coworkers. It takes time, but as our nub and attitude spread to an ever-broadening base of people, a domino effect takes place and the members themselves become believers and evangelists in quality management themselves. 3. Cease Dependency on Inspection Deming is reminding management that the need for inspection will decrease if quality problems are prevented in the first place.For project managers We all know that prevention is bette r than inspection, so our project management and execution processes need continual improvement methods built into them to reduce quality problems. But inspection goes beyond its purely quality connotations. Are we propagating a management style based on inspection? If our team has a tendency to run everything first past us for approval then we may be, and that isnt good for us, the team, or the project. Our responsibility as a project manager isnt to be the funnel through which everyone seeks approval. If thats what is happening then the project will slug and become inflexible.Instead, lets make sure we create a project culture where the team has the skills, information, and experience it needs to make every-day, rapid decisions on its own. 4. End the Practice of Awarding Business on the Basis of expenditure Tags Demings purpose behind this point was to eliminate variations in the manufacturing process by having too many suppliers of component goods. For project managers Price al one should rarely be the determining factor because most procurement needs go beyond simple commodities. When a project is likely to involve frequent changes, we need vendors who can adapt or offer their own new ideas for responding to those changes, and that isnt likely to happen when cut-rate suppliers are chosen.This principle also holds true in our role as the vendor for internal or external customers. We are not just collectors of requirements we need to be engaged with the customer and stakeholders, understanding their business objectives in order for us to provide the deliverable that best meets their changing needs. 5. Improve Constantly and Forever Deming is reminding industry leaders that they have to constantly strive to reduce variation, which leads to quality problems. For project managers Continuous improvement is a meat philosophy of the PMBOK, but it isnt like a switch that gets turned on or off. Its a mental capacity that is nurtured by the right environment.Memb ers of the team need skills, information, and knowledge beyond their core subjects of expertise, and we should encourage experimentation and reward mistakes made in the search for innovation, which means we need to eliminate blame and ingrain the lessons-learned process in every part of the project. Large-scale improvements and innovative approaches often come from amateurs and not specialists because amateurs are driven by their interest in the subject and less wedded to preconceived notions and ideas. Chris Anderson, author of The Long Tail, says, Ill take a passionate amateur over a bored professional any day. 6. ground readiness on the Job On-the-job training increases efficiency and results in job outputs with fewer errors. For project managers Continuous improvement extends beyond just processes.It applies to the hard and soft skills, experiences, and knowledge of the entire project team. Professional development, coaching, and mentoring should be encouraged, acknowledged, and rewarded. Training doesnt have to be expensive, and it doesnt have to be formalised. Some of the best training experiences involve group-led efforts that also deal out as team building exercises, such as Webinars, vendor demonstrations, and specific discussions on best practices. 7. Institute Leadership Deming wants management to be leaders not merely supervisors. For project managers The problem on most projects is not a lack of management but a lack of lead.Leadership is more about people skills than about project management skills. Few projects have sponsors that view themselves as the leader on the project, and if the leadership charge is not picked up by the project manager then the project is not likely to be successful. A leader translates the projects vision into actions that excite, inspire, and motivate the project team, and he or she is able to infuse a perception that the project isnt just creating a deliverable its accomplishing something phenomenal for the custo mer. 8. Drive out terror Deming tells us that management by fear or punishment is detrimental because it inhibits questions and ideas from the workforce.For project managers Fear stifles two cornerstones of quality innovation and continual improvement. A fearful team isnt going to generate new ideas and its going to hide its mistakes, leading to a poor lessons learned process. Demings point goes beyond what most of us associate with fear. Fear is also that little voice all of us hear that suppresses us from speaking up or sharing ideas fear of failing, fear of sounding silly, fear of making a mistake, fear of abstracted a deadline, fear of stepping on anothers toes, and so on. Yet these fears are just as detrimental to quality as fear of punishment. Its a lack of trust between team members and in the projects leadership that drives these fears.If we improve trust, team members will be more willing to share their ideas and question existing processes. 9. Break overmaster Barrier s Between Staff Areas Deming wants everyone to realise that each person is a customer of someone and that everybody is a supplier to somebody. For project managers Silos and a rigid hierarchy are dangerous not only to the project, but to the organisation. entry and continual improvement come about by somebody seeing a connection that is not inherently obvious, and connections cant be discovered when one is stuck behind artificial barriers. We can help break those barriers by exposing people to diverse situations outside their normal environment and comfort zones.Though there is a short-term productivity loss when people work outside their specialty, there is a longer-term gain for the project and organisation. This strategy helps build a larger pool of generalists in many subjects, and new experiences are a powerful inducing for many people. This approach also improves opportunities for innovative approaches and is a risk management strategy should key personnel leave the project . 10. Eliminate Slogans, Exhortations, and Targets for the Work Force Slogans imply the problem is with the employees, but the real problem is with the process. For project managers The first point we have to accept is that we are responsible for problems within the project, whatever those issues might be.It isnt the teams fault, the customers fault, or the organisations fault its our fault. The root causes of most project problems are deficiencies in communication, scope, requirements, activity definitions, project planning and re-planning, risk management, and stakeholder involvement. All of these are within our professional domain even if we arent the ones personally performing them. Its our responsibility to make sure the project processes are performed effectively to a level appropriate for the project. 11. Eliminate Management by Objectives Setting production targets only encourages people to meet those targets through whatever means necessary, which causes poor quality.For p roject managers On the surface this principle probably sounds like heresy to most of us how can a project be managed if targets arent set? Well, it cant, but that wasnt Demings point. Hes talking about short-sighted versus thorough planning. Setting targets in reception to a problem without first understanding and addressing the root causes in the processes will only lead to more quality problems. Milestones are the predominant targets for projects, and they need to be challenging to motivate the team, but they have to be achievable and flexible. Yet flexibility is one of the most common scheduling failures a project manager makes, especially on projects that are very iterative and involve rolling wave planning.As these projects progress, milestones have to be continually reassessed, and this often means that the original dates get pushed. Too many of us perceive these readjustments as missing our target because were too married to dates that were only best-guesses or top-down est imates set early in project planning. We also should be careful to present milestone dates to stakeholders as estimates and help them understand the iterative record of these kinds of projects as the project is better understood and the work needed becomes clearer, milestone dates may change. 12. engage Barriers to Pride of Workmanship Deming tells us that nobody feels good about producing shoddy work.When management creates an environment that fosters poor quality, employees are frustrated. For project managers Recognising the team and individuals for their contributions and achievements helps instil pride of workmanship. Everyone on the project team should feel that his or her work is recognised and valuable to the projects success. Sincere appreciation is one of the easiest and cheapest yet most effective cause agents we can use. Even failures and mistakes are achievements as long as there were valuable lessons learned. 13. Institute direction and Self-Improvement Deming wan ts everyone, managers and the workforce, to pursue training, education, and self-improvement.For project managers Ongoing professional development is expected of certified project managers, but we should also expect and encourage it among our team and coworkers. Nearly every profession has its own credentials and move education requirements, and our team members will appreciate it if we have a general understanding of their professions requirements, recognise them for certification efforts, and help them with opportunities for meeting those requirements. 14. The Transformation is Everyones Job Deming says that everyone is involved in the fixing the processes. For project managers This one is easy if weve done everything else right because all the other principles will result in quality management culture where everyone is involved in continual improvement and innovation.Having experienced first-hand a quality management experience, the people on our team will in turn spread those ideas to other project teams. Communications Management Having good communication skills is one of the key abilities of a project manager. However, this fact is frequently overlooked when choosing the ideal prognosis for that position. Moreover, it is not emphasized as much as it should in most project management training programs. Thus, many times we find project managers with excellent management and technical skills but which are in reality not-that-good communicators. Why is it so important? First of all, because a good leader should be a great communicator in order to lead and motivate his or her team, as we have discussed before.This is something that not only applies to the members of the team but to all the stakeholders of the project. A project manager has to be aware that all of them have different profiles and interests, and that it requires from him or her great ability to adapt the message to each one. Communication principles Good communication should be based on acc uracy, clarity, transparency and interaction. Accuracy has to do with the detail and scope of the information that is being transmitted. The project manager must be able to provide the information that is needed for everyone within and outside the team. sometimes excessively detailed information may divert attention from the main message and can lead the interlocutor to confusion.Mostly, the communication with the team should focus on the objectives, and the plan to take to achieve them. While, for example, information that is provided to clients will focus on the requirements of the project and its evolution. To ensure information clarity, the language is a crucial thing and the project manager must perfectly handle all its variants. Generally, it will be common to use a more technical and specific language within the team, and a more formal style if the message is addressed to a client or a company directive. Transparency has a direct impact on the project managers credibility. A project managers honesty should be beyond doubt, and so, he or she has to provide continuous communication about the problems that arise.The last principle, but not a less important one is interaction. Communication cannot be unidirectional. In all situations, with any case of interlocutor, the project manager must be open to dialogue. He or she has to know how to both ask and listen in order to get accurate information that can be relevant in later decisions. It is essential to have continuous communication with all parties involved in the project. To help project manager with this, Doolphy, as an online project management tool, helps project manager to centralize all project information and adjust the access to each kind of user. Top Five Communication Skills for Project Managers 1.Active Listening In first place is project manager ability to listen to and understand others. Listening to the words and the inwardness behind their words, not interrupting or letting our minds wander , asking questions to check understanding, observing non-verbal signals. According to Indian project manager Nirav Patel CAPM The benefits include getting people to open up and due to that lots of misunderstandings and conflicts can be resolved. 2. Building Relationships based on Trust and Respect Trust and respect are the cornerstones of personal relationships. They are earned not a right and come from experience of our honesty, integrity and expertise.Among the characteristics people used to determine project manager credibility are truthfulness, openness, willingness to share ideas and information freely, consistency, reliability, loyalty, capabilities and competence. Trust encourages people to propose ideas, advert ways to enhance work, speak of their concerns and give advice, says Dubai-based Kareem Shaker PMP. 3. Setting Clear Priorities In third shoes is a project managers ability to convey the strategy for their team by setting goals, planning and prioritizing. This is t he what, who, when, where, why and how of the project. Team members should understand both the big picture and the lower level technical priorities. Essentially this is what a project manager does.If you cant do it you wont get everybody working on the same page, says Australian Paul Ramussen. 4. alter Collaboration In a collaborative environment team members support and encourage each other rather than focusing solely on their own tasks and responsibilities. They are willing to co-operate and share information, ideas and assets to help each other. The result can be greater than the sum of its parts. When we collaborate we get the 11=3 effect. Things happen that might not have if people had remained focused on their own work, says American turn Michaelson PMP. 5. Conveying the Organisations Vision Contract In Project Management Project Contract TypesExplaining the bigger picture helps team members understand where the project fits within the overall aims of your business unit and organization. Senior executives are focused on the triple bottom line finances, environment, reputation this is where they expect your project to make a difference. American Jhaymee Wilson PMP says As project managers if we cant convey the link between our project and the organization how can we show we are delivering value? This article is based on research among project managers from around the world and was originally promulgated as Five Essential Rules for Project Leaders on the PMI Career Central website. IntroductionIn the world of business, ignores are used for establishing business deals and partnerships. The parties involved in the business engagement decide the type of the contract. Usually the type of the contract used for the business engagement varies depending on the type of the work and the nature of the industry. The contract is simply an elaborated agreement between two or more parties. One or more parties may provide products or services in return to something provided by other parties (client). The contract type is the key relationship between the parties engaged in the business and the contract type determines the project risk. Example most widely used contract typesFixed Price (Lump Sum) This is the simplest type of all contracts. The terms are quite straightforward and easy to understand. To put in simple, the service provider agrees to provide a defined service for a specific period of time and the client agrees to pay a fixed amount of money for the service. This contract type may define various milestones for the deliveries as well as KPIs (Key Performance Indicators). In addition, the contractor may have an acceptance criteria defined for the milestones and the final delivery. The main benefit of this type of contract is that the contractor knows the total project cost before the project commences.Unit Price In this model, the project is divided into units and the charge for each unit is defined. This contract type can be introdu ced as one of the more flexible methods compared to fixed price contract. Usually the owner (contractor/client) of the project decides on the estimates and asks the pop the questionders to bid of each element of the project. After bidding, depending on the bid amounts and the qualifications of bidders, the entire project may be tending(p) to the same services provider or different units may be allocated to different services providers. This is a good approach when different project units require different expertise to complete. Cost PlusIn this contract model, the services provider is reimbursed for their machinery, labour, and other costs, in addition to contractor paying an agreed fee to the services provider In this method, the services provider should offer a detailed schedule and the resource allocation for the project. Apart from that, all the costs should be properly listed and should be reported to the contractor periodically. The payments maybe paid by the contractor at a certain frequency (such as monthly, quarterly) or by the end of milestones. inducement fillip contracts are usually used when there is some level of uncertainty in the project cost. Although there are nearly-accurate estimations, the technological challenges may impact on the overall resources as well as the effort.This type of contracts is common for the projects involving pilot programs or the project that harness new technologies. There are three cost factors in an Incentive contract target price, target profit, and the maximum cost. The main mechanism of Incentive contract is to divide any target price overrun between the client and the services provider in order to minimize the business risks for both parties. Retainer (Time and Material T&M) This is one of the most beautiful engagements that can get into by two or more parties. This engagement type is the most risk-free type where the time and material used for the project are priced. The contractor only requires knowing t he time and material for the project in order to make the payments.This type of contracts has short delivery cycles and for each cycle separate estimates are sent of the contractor. Once the contractor signs off the estimate and Statement of Work (SOW), the services provider can start work. Unlike most of the other contract types, retainer contracts are mostly used for long-term business engagements. Percentage of Construction Fee This type of contracts is used for engine room projects. Based on the resources and material required, the cost for the construction is estimated. Then, the client contracts a service provider and pays a percentage of the cost of the project as the fee for the services provider. As an example, take the scenario of constructing a house. Assume that the estimate comes up to $230,000.When this project is contracted to a services provider, the client may agree to pay 30% of the total cost as the construction fee, which comes up to $69,000. Conclusion Selectin g the contract type is the most crucial step of establishing a business agreement with another party. This step determines the possible engagement risks. Therefore, companies should get into contracts where there is a minimum risk for their business. It is always a good idea to engage in fixed bids (fixed priced) whenever the project is short-termed and predictable. If the project nature is exploratory, it is always best to adopt retainer or cost plus contract types. Contract Project Management ServicesContracting a project management professional to manage a project offers advantages in leadership, experience and cost savings. Yet